1. Table of Contents The Plant Kingdom Photosynthesis and Light
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails

2. What Is a Plant? - The Plant Kingdom
Nearly all plants are autotrophs-produce their own food.
All plants are eukaryotes
contain many cells
all plant cells are surrounded by cell walls.

3. Adaptations for living on land
Obtaining water and other nutrients
Retaining water- cuticle/ reduce water loss
Transporting materials-vascular tissue/ tubelike structures- carry food, water, minerals
Support
Reproduction –zygot / fertilized egg

4. Classifying plants - The Plant Kingdom
Nonvascular- don’t have a system of tubes/ low growing, do not have roots
Vascular –have vascular tissue/ tall
Origin of plants- green algae

5. Complex Life Cycles - The Plant Kingdom
Plants have complex life cycles that include two different stages:
Sporophyte- plant produces spores
Gametophyte- plant produces two kinds of sex cells: sperm cell and egg cell.

6. - The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
The graph shows how much water a certain plant loses during the hours shown.

7. Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Reading Graphs:
What variable is plotted along each axis?
Horizontal axis–time of day; vertical axis–water loss.

8. Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Interpreting Data:
According to the graph, during what part of the day did the plant lose the most water? The least water?
Most–midday; least–in the evening.

9. Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Drawing Conclusions:
What could account for the pattern of water loss shown?
The plant seemed to lose the most water during the sunniest or warmest parts of the day.

10. Water Loss in Plants - The Plant Kingdom Predicting:
How would you expect the graph to look from 10 p.m. to 8 a.m.? Explain your reasoning.
The line graph would descend during the night and then rise again in the morning hours, because the water loss is less during the night when there is no sun.

11. Building Vocabulary - The Plant Kingdom
A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words.
Key Terms:
Examples:
nonvascular plant
vascular plant
chlorophyll
Key Terms:
Examples:
sporophyte
gametophyte
Key Terms:
Examples:
cuticle
vascular tissue
fertilization
zygote
Key Terms:
Examples:
photosynthesis
Plants that lack a well-developed system of tubes for transporting water and other materials are known as nonvascular plants.
Sunlight provides the energy for this food-making process, called photosynthesis.
In the sporophyte stage, the plant produces spores, tiny cells that can grow into new organisms.
One adaptation that helps a plant reduce water loss is a waxy, waterproof layer called the cuticle, which covers the leaves of most plants.
tissue
No matter how large or small a plant is, its cells are organized into tissues—groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism.
In the gametophyte stage, the plant produces two kinds of sex cells: sperm cells and egg cells.
Vascular tissue is a system of tubelike structures inside a plant through which water, minerals, and food move.
Plants with true vascular tissue are called vascular plants.
chloroplast
Chloroplasts, which look something like green jelly beans, are the structures in which food is made.
Biologists studied a green pigment called chlorophyll, found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell.
vacuole
A vacuole is a large storage sac that can expand and shrink like a balloon.
A fertilized egg is called a zygote.

12. The Photosynthesis Process
- Photosynthesis and Light
The Photosynthesis Process
The roots of plants take in water and nutrients and send it to the leaves.
Leaves take in carbon dioxide.
The combination of carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight. Glucose (sugar) is made and the plant gives off oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide + Water oxygen + glucose

13. Previewing Visuals - Photosynthesis and Light
Preview Figure 9. Then write three questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions.
Water Vascular System
Q. How is sunlight involved in photosynthesis?
A. The energy in sunlight is used to make sugar.
Q. Why does a plant need sugar?
A. The plant uses energy from the sugar to carry out life functions.
Q. How does the plant use the water its roots take in?
A. Water molecules combine with carbon dioxide to form sugar and oxygen during photosynthesis

14. Identifying Main Ideas
- Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Identifying Main Ideas
Nonvascular plants
Live in moist area
Absorb water and nutrients directly from the environment
Thin Cell Walls
include…
Main Idea
Detail
Detail
Detail
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts

15. Mosses

16. - Plants Without Seeds: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
A moss gametophyte is low-growing and has structures that look like roots, stems, and leaves.
The sporophyte generation grows out of the gametophyte.
The rhizoids anchor the moss and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.

17. Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Sphagnum moss grows in a wetland called bogs.
Peat moss is formed in acidic bogs where dead material does not decay because decomposers can’t live in acidic water.
The dead material builds up and is compressed into peat, which is used as a fuel.
Liverworts
More than 8,ooo species
Grow as a thick crust on moist rock or soil
The body of the liverwort looks like a human liver.
Hornworts
Fewer than 100 species
Live in moist soil often mixed with grass plants
Grow hornlike structures called sporophytes.

18. Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Characteristics
Mosses 1.
Hornworts
Contain vascular tissue no 2. No
height 3.
Low-growing
Size
Small 4.
Moisture needs 5.
Places high in moisture
Where they grow
Tree trunks or wet rocks
Moist rocks or moist soil 6.

19. Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
- Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails share two characteristics:
they have true vascular tissue: a system of tubelike structures inside a plant that water, minerals, and food move through
they do NOT produce seeds
Live in moist surroundings so sperm can swim to eggs and reproduce by releasing spores
grow quite tall because of their strong, vascular tissue transports material throughout the plant and gives it structure.

20. Ferns - Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Most ferns have underground stems and to roots.
Fronds- fern leaves that grow above ground.
The upper surface of the frond is coated with a cuticle which helps preserve water.
Spores develop in tiny spore cases on the underside of the frond.
When spores are released, wind and water carry them great distances.
The roots anchor the fern to the ground.

21. Ferns, Club Mosses, a Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails nd Horsetails
Other Vascular Plants
Horsetails
Long, coarse, needlelike branches that grow in a circle around a joint.
Small leaves grow flat against the stem just above each joint.
The stems contain silica, a gritty substance also found in sand.
Club mosses
Only few hundred species
Sometimes called Princess Pine
Grow in moist woodlands or near streams.
Similar to ferns
Have vascular tissue

22. Spores on a Fern frond

23. Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Asking Questions
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what, how, or where question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions.
Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Question
Answer
What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants?
Seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue; they do not produce seeds; they reproduce by releasing spores.
How do ferns reproduce?
Ferns reproduce by spores that form on the underside of their fronds.
How do club mosses differ from true mosses?
Club mosses have vascular tissue.

24. Graphic Organizer Characteristic Moss Fern Size Small and low
Can be tall
Environment
Moist
Moist
Rootlike, stemlike,
leaflike structures
True roots,
stems, and leaves
Body parts
Familiar generation
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Is true vascular
tissue present? No
Yes

25. Vocabulary Photosynthesis chlorophyll tissue cuticle
vascular tissue fertilization zygote
Sporophyte nonvascular plants peat bog
gametophyte rhizoids fronds
Spores vascular plants