1. Phrases -They are group of words that do not have a subject and consisting of a head determining the category of the phrase. -There are different types of phrases: 1.NP: a head noun plus modifiers e.g. A car of Ali parked in the garage of Sami 2.VP: verb plus (complement and modifiers) e.g. play football carefully in the playground 3.PP: a preposition plus (complement and modifiers) e.g. in the very old house Dr. Abdullah S. Al-Dobaian

2. See the list of some prepositions at p. 79-80. PP functions as an adjective or as an adverb: As adj- The boy in the car screamed. (modify a noun) He is in the class. (adjective complement) As adv- He drove the car at night. (modify a verb) The boy is smart in math. (modify an adj) In fact, he worked hard. (modify a sentence) 4.Gerund phrase: gerund plus (object and modifiers) e.g. studying math carefully Dr. Abdullah S. Al-Dobaian

3. Functions of Gerund phrase: -Gerund functions as a noun Eating breakfast makes you healthy. (sub) I enjoy playing football. (O) My favorite sport is climbing mountains. (sub compl) He saved time by taking the bus. (object of preposition) 5. Infinitive phrase: Infinitive plus (object and modifiers) e.g. To work efficiently Dr. Abdullah S. Al-Dobaian

4. Functions of Infin phrase: 1.As a noun To write the letter is important. (s) I want to come early. (o) My plan is to finish the job. (sub compl) I have nothing to do except to clean the dishes. (object of preposition) 2.As adj His chance to win is strong. (mod. of noun) The man to play is Ali. 3. As an adverb He came to see the boy. (mod. of verb) They are afraid to sleep alone. (mod. of adj) Dr. Abdullah S. Al-Dobaian

5. To be frank, he is lazy. (mod. of a sentence) Clauses Group of words containing a subject and a verb - There are different types of clauses: 1.Simple clause- one clause: S-V S-V-O S-LV- compl (substantive, adj) 2.Complex clause- more than one clause joined together: I know that Ali came late. (that Ali came late) is a dependent clause Dr. Abdullah S. Al-Dobaian

6. Types of clause 1.Noun clause: a clause that occupies a noun place or functions as a noun -I thought that he would be elected. (O) -That he will come is nice. (S) -The reason of the absence is that he is sick. ( sub.compl) -The fact that he is young surprised me. (appos) -I knew nothing except what he told me. (O of prep) -They will give whoever comes a medal. (IO) -Thinking what Ali can do is difficult. (O of G) -He wants to remember where they went. (O of infin) -Ali, knowing what I did, punished me. (O of par) Dr. Abdullah S. Al-Dobaian

7. 2.Adjective clause An independent clause that modifies a noun and is introduced by: - a relative pro. (who, whom, which, that): A man who bought the house came late. - relative adj. (whose): I hit the man whose radio disturbed me. - a relative pro. (when, where, why) We visited the place where he was born. Dr. Abdullah S. Al-Dobaian

8. 3.Adverb clause An independent clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. We shouted when he came. (time adv= when, before,as soon as) He lives where he has a good life. ( place adv=wherever, everywhere, where) She works because she needs money. ( purpose adv= since, in order, so that…) He is smarter than I thought. He ran quicker than she thought. Dr. Abdullah S. Al-Dobaian