1. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. The Client Chapter Five

2. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. The Whole Person Perceptions of client problems Defining a problem

3. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Defining “problem”: Two components A description of the problem: situation, event, or condition that is troublesome A course of action leading to resolution

4. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Categories of Problems Developmental vs. situational Hierarchical needs Needs created by social change Environmental influences

5. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages Infancy: Trust verses Mistrust –Birth to 18 months –Dependent on adequate and consistent parental care –Positive experience provides trust and hope –Negative experience creates mistrust and hampers the development in later stages

6. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages Early Childhood: Autonomy verses shame or doubt –2 to 3 year olds begin to develop a sense of autonomy (self-sufficiency) –Positive experience provides self-confidence and will –Negative experience may cause shame and doubt

7. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages Play Age: Initiative verses guilt –4 to 5 year olds –Preschool children begin to understand their role and the desire to learn is significant –Positive experience develops a sense of purpose –Negative experience may cause a sense of guilt

8. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages School Age: Industry verses Inferiority –6 to 13 year olds –Children begin to compare themselves to peers to assess their accomplishments –Positive experience provides a sense of competence –Negative experience may cause a sense of inadequacy

9. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages Adolescence: Identity verses identity confusion –Teen years –Self definition, relationships, and peer groups become important –Positive experience provides a sense of self confidence and fidelity –Negative experience may create role confusion

10. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages Young Adulthood: Intimacy verses Isolation –Intimate relationships form here and the focus on significant others becomes important –Positive experience a sense of the ability to love an be loved –Negative experience may cause a sense of isolation and difficulty forming intimate relationships

11. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages Maturity: Generativity verses stagnation –The need to be needed is experienced here –Positive experience provides the ability to care for others, a sense of purpose –Negative experience may cause a sense of boredom and/or stagnation

12. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages Old Age: Integrity versus Despair –People examine their lives with a sense of satisfaction or disappointment –Positive experience provides integrity and wisdom –Negative experience may create a sense of despair from unrealized goals, etc.

13. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc.

14. These needs include those things necessary to basic survival. They include such things as food and water, rest and an appropriate climate, the avoidance of pain, etc. Physiological Needs Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

15. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs These needs include such things as finding safe circumstances, shelter, satiability, and protection. They may also include a need for structure and order. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

16. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs These include the need for friends, affectionate relationships, children, and a sense of community. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

17. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs Self-Esteem Needs There are two levels of this need: The lower level involves the need for attention, the respect of others, status, recognition, etc. The upper level includes self- respect, confidence, a sense of independence and freedom. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

18. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs Self-Esteem Needs These first four levels represent Deficiency-needs or D-needs. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

19. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs Self-Esteem Needs Intellectual This is the internally directed need for intellectual development. It is not focused on a deficiency but rather a sense of enhancing the nature of one’s being. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

20. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs Self-Esteem Needs Intellectual Aesthetic This is the internally directed desire to acquired an appreciation for the beauty or aesthetic nature of things. Again, it is not a deficiency but rather an enhancement of one’s being. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

21. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs Self-Esteem Needs Intellectual Aesthetic Self- actualization The level is seldom reached but it is the result of the inner-directed drive of humans to grow, improve, and use their potential to the fullest. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

22. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Physiological Needs Safety and Security Needs Love and Belonging Needs Self-Esteem Needs Intellectual Aesthetic Self- actualization The final three levels of need are referred to as Being- needs or B-needs. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

23. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Societal Changes Create problems due to Rapid social changes Breakdown of traditional forms of society Breakdown of traditional forms of society Conflicts between old and new values. Conflicts between old and new values.

24. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Defining “client” Individual Small group Geographic area

25. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Getting Help Self-referral Referral by others Involuntary placement Inadvertent services

26. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Barriers Problem difficulty Embarrassment Hesitant to self-disclose CultureMoneyFear

27. Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. Client’s Perspective Expectations influence evaluation Satisfaction tied to concrete outcomes