1. The Industrial Revolution
CHAPTER 13
The Industrial Revolution
Section 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Objective:
Trace the development of the inventions and technological innovations that were essential to the Industrial Revolution.

2. Write this question – complete the next slide’s chart.
SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Ch 13.1 Bell Ringer:
Who were some of the inventors of the Industrial Revolution and how were their inventions used?
Write this question – complete the next slide’s chart.

3. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Invention
Function of Invention
Industry
Inventor
Jethro Tull
Eli Whitney
James Watt
Samuel Morse
Richard Arkwright
Henry Bessemer

4. SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution

5. Many things had remained unchanged for centuries.
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To understand the importance of the Industrial Revolution, you have to know what life was like before it.
Many things had remained unchanged for centuries.
Life was mainly based on farming, with families producing enough for their own needs. Craftspeople also worked on a local level, making and mending things for their neighbors with little contact with the outside world.

6. Few people realized that all this was set to change.
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
The slow pace of life was hardly different from that of the Middle Ages.
Water mills, windmills, and horses or oxen provided the only extra power, and most work was still down by hand.
Few people realized that all this was set to change.

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What is a revolution?
Before the Industrial Revolution, there was an Agricultural Revolution . . .

8. SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Enclosure Movement

9. Jethro Tull Seed Drill 1701 SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Jethro Tull
At this time most grain seed was sown by hand. Field hands carried bags of seeds from which they would grab a handful of seed and broadcast (spread) out over the plowed field. Tull realized that this method was very wasteful, since most of the seeds would be blown away and/or eaten by birds before they ever had a chance to take root.
Frustrated by his inability to develop a more efficient hand-sowing method, Tull turned his attention to devising a mechanized seed drill. In 1701, he invented the horse-drawn seed drill. A rotating cylinder had grooves cut into it to allow seed to pass from the hopper above to a funnel below. The seed was then directed into a channel dug by a plow at the front of the machine, and then covered by a harrow attached to the rear. Although it took several years for English farmers to embrace the machine, Tull's design remained the standard for over a century.
Seed Drill 1701
…resulted in farming becoming less labor intensive and allowed farmers to grow crops on a much larger scale.

10. Charles “Turnip” Townshend
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Charles “Turnip” Townshend
He found that turnips could be rotated with wheat, barley, clover, and ryegrass to make soil more fertile and increase yields, and thus became known as the man responsible for introducing turnip cultivation into England.
crop rotation

11. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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Other improvements increased production and made farm labor easier…
Iron plows would replace wooden ones.
…plow with a replaceable blade.
By 1800s, many farm workers were forced out and headed to the cities.

12. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
… is a term used to describe the transformation from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

13. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?
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Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

14. Factors of Production Land Labor Capital SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Factors of Production
Land
All natural resources
Labor
Workers who migrated into the cities
Capital
Tools, machinery, equipment, MONEY

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16. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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Where is the Industrial Revolution taking root in Great Britain?

17. Textile Industry SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution
The oldest known representation of a horizontal treadle-loom. 13th century English manuscript.
Domestic System
In the 18th Century the production of textiles was the most important industry in Britain. Most of the work was carried out in the home and was often combined with farming. There were three main stages to making cloth: carding, spinning and weaving. Most cloth was made from either wool or cotton, but other materials such as silk and flax were also used. The woven cloth was sold to merchants called clothiers who visited the village with their trains of pack-horses. Some of the cloth was made into clothes for people living in this country. However, a large amount of cloth was exported.
In 1600s, men and women carded the wool, spun thread and wove cloth by hand at home …

18. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Visual Source
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Carding the wool
Spinning the thread and weaving

19. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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The textile industry would be the first industry to be mechanized.

20. John Kay flying shuttle
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John Kay flying shuttle
Increased the speed that handweavers could work –
Began to weave faster than thread could be supplied!

21. James Hargreaves spinning jenny
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
James Hargreaves spinning jenny
Produced EIGHT times more
Thread than a single
Spinning wheel!

22. Richard Arkwright spinning frame SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Richard Arkwright
spinning frame
Produced stronger threads for yarns Powered by water-wheel
Built first textile mill in 1771
Beginning of the modern factory system
It was the first powered, automatic, and continuous textile machine and enabled the move away from small home manufacturing towards factory production.
Workers put in a certain numbers of hours each day for a fixed pay.

23. Edmund Cartwright water powered loom SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Edmund Cartwright
water powered loom
Produced as much as 200 hand-loom operators
When the power loom became efficient, women replaced most men as weavers in the textile factories.
Workers put in a certain numbers of hours each day for a fixed pay.

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Need more cotton!

25. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
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Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
While Eli Whitney is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin, it is often forgotten that he was also the father of the mass production method. In 1798 he figured out how to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. It was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich. If his genius led King Cotton to triumph in the South, it also created the technology with which the North won the Civil War.

26. STEAM! SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Water power had drawbacks . . .
A more dependable and portable power supply was needed!
STEAM!
First recorded steam engine invented by a Greek in the first century AD

27. Now it would be used to drive the new spinning & weaving machines!
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James Watt would improve on the Newcomen steam engine …
Modern Steam Engine 1769
Now it would be used to drive the new spinning & weaving machines!

28. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Visual Source
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Allegory on the significance of steam power, c.1850
The Victorians were acutely aware of the power of the image to communicate complex ideas to audiences, and to influence their perceptions of the age in which they lived. The cartoon shown here, an allegory on the significance of steam power in the Victorian era, is a good example of a potent image of this type.
Details from the cartoon

29. Henry Bessemer SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution
More Machines? Need more iron ore And coal to separate it.
But cast iron couldn’t withstand high steam pressure . . .
Henry Bessemer
developed the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively
Same basic process is used today!

30. Gas Lights Technology would be applied to other industries … SECTION 1
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Technology would be applied to other industries …
Gas Lights
First public street lighting – 1807 in London Samuel Clegg

31. vulcanization Charles Goodyear – father of modern rubber industry
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Charles Goodyear – father of modern rubber industry
vulcanization
Charles Goodyear, sadly, profited little from his discovery. He was imprisoned for debt, his company folded, and he died a veritable pauper.
1844

32. Oil Industry SECTION 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Began in the mid-1800s
Produced as an unwelcome byproduct from brine wells in Pennsylvania …
1849 first distillation of kerosene from crude oil 1857 kerosene lamp forces whale oil lamps off the market
1859 first oil well dug at Titusville, PA

33. Transportation Revolution
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Transportation Revolution
Stone topped roads
Canals
Steam locomotive – George Stephenson
Robert Fulton - father of steam navigation
Robert Fulton, successfully built and operated a submarine (in France) in 1801, before turning his talents to the steamboat. Robert Fulton was accredited with turning the steamboat into a commercial success. On August 7, 1807, Robert Fulton's Clermont went from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip taking 32 hours at an average speed of about 5 miles-per-hour.
“Fulton’s Folly” The Clermont

34. Communications Revolution
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Communications Revolution
1800 Alessandro Volta – first battery with steady flow of current
1820s Andre Ampère – founded the science of electromagnetism
1844 Samuel Morse - telegraph

35. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Political Cartoon
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
The double page spread for 1882 depicts ‘Punch’s’ (Tenniel’s) dream for the potential of electricity to be of use to society. Some ideas, which would have seemed preposterous and hilarious concepts at that time, have now become common place – ‘head-lights’ on a means of transport; using the heating power of electricity to hatch eggs, thaw frozen meat and cultivate exotic fruit; and electric lighting in horticulture to help grow flowers, fruit and vegetables.
1882 Punch magazine detailing potential of electricity’s use to society …

36. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Political Cartoon
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
PUNCH December 26, 1902 DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY—SCENE IN HYDE PARK.

37. Spread of Industry Worldwide
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Spread of Industry Worldwide
Lagged in other European countries
France encouraged building of railroads, remained agricultural
Germany did not have a central gov’t until the 1870s
Ahhh But in the United States? Industry THRIVED!
by 1869 – intercontinental railroad joined the East and West coasts …

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39. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Political Cartoon
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Consequences of urbanization:
A Punch magazine cartoon from shows Father Thames with 'his offspring', diphtheria, scrofula and cholera.
The cartoon was published during a period known as the 'Great Stink' which affected the city of London in Over the summer, residents of central London were overwhelmed by the smell of raw sewage, heightened by the hot weather, coming from the Thames. The river had been contaminated by the overflowing cesspits found throughout the city.
This cartoon depicts personifications of London (seen as a woman with a crown and a shield), the Thames (seen as a large male figure with long hair) and the three diseases Diphtheria, Scrofula and Cholera. The three diseases are represented by figures who display the symptoms of those diseases. The river from which they emerge is full of debris and sewage. Factories can be seen in the background.
Cholera- water-borne disease characterized by stomach-ache, cramps, vomiting and diarrhea.
Diphtheria- highly infectious disease often characterized by swelling of the nose and throat.
Scrofula- form of tuberculosis affecting the lymph nodes in the neck.

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‘Capital and Labour’, Punch Magazine, May, 1843
This illustrator was already predicting the outcome of industrialization.

41. Political Cartoon
Origins of the Industrial Revolution

42. Time for your Open Note Quiz!
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Any questions?
Close your books –
Time for your Open Note Quiz!

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The subject is the coming of the steam-age. In the central image four old horses in a fenced paddock on a hill are looking down at a steam-driven coach going along the road. One of the horses says; A Coach without Horses!!! Nonsense- come, come Master Dobbin you are “Trotting“ but you must not think to hum me because I’m blind! A second horse replies; Well, dash my Wig, if that isn’t the rummest go I ever saw --- !!! The crowded steam-carriage hurtles along , smoke coming from it’s four rear funnels, it’s name on the door declares it to be The Wonder. Two dogs in the foreground are talking as they witness the scene; I say Wagtail what do you think of this new invention?. The second; Why, I think we shall have meat cheap enough !!.
In the print The Horses 'Going to the Dogs' (1829) Cruikshank showed his dislike of the steam carriage that had been invented by Goldsworthy Gurney.

44. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
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Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Invention
Function of Invention
Industry
Inventor
seed drill, horse-drawn hoe
planted seeds in straight rows; dug up weeds and broke up soil
Jethro Tull
agriculture
cleaned more cotton in a day than hand laborers could
Eli Whitney
cotton gin
textile
modern steam engine
powered engines for factories and transportation of goods
textile and transportation
James Watt
Samuel Morse
Morse code/telegraph
communication
communication
Richard Arkwright
water power to drive spinning wheel
increased level of production
textile
Henry Bessemer
Bessemer process
textile and transportation
used to make steel