1. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
(fish have omega-3-fatty acids which are good, unsaturated f.a.)
What does Organic Mean?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

2. What’s so special about Carbon??6 C
Carbon
12.011
Atomic Number
# of protons
(and also # of
electrons)
Name of
Element
Chemical
symbol
Atomic Mass
The weight
Of carbon
atom or
average
weight of
all isotopes
How many electrons does carbon have in its outermost shell?
What’s so special about Carbon??
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

3. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

4. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
“Elements of Life”
Organic = carbon-based molecules
Examples: C6H12O6, CH4
Inorganic = molecules without carbon–carbon
or carbon–hydrogen bonds
Examples: NaCl, NH4, H2SO4 , CO, CO2
Organic is no longer synonymous with life, but it had been in the past. Really it’s just C-C or C-H bonding.
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

5. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Why Carbon?
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
Leads to many different molecules
Can form large chains or rings
Linking of carbons can form very large molecules called Macromolecules
Each individual unit is called a monomer. When they are linked together they are called a polymer.
4 macromolecules necessary for life: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids
Could life be silicon based?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

6. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Polymerization
= Synthesis of organic molecules
= Small subunits (MONOMERS) bond together to form larger units (POLYMERS)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

7. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Chemical Reactions
 Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
Reactant + Reactant = Product + Product
Always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds
REARRANGING!
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

8. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Types of Reactions
Hydrolysis
Break apart monomers
Happens by the addition of water.
An H is added to one monomer & an OH is added to the other monomer.
Dehydration Synthesis (or Condensation)
Join monomers
One monomer loses a H+ and the other loses an OH-
Water is removed
Covalent bond is formed
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

9. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Hydrolysis
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

10. Dehydration Synthesis
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

11. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Energy in reactions
Bonds are the storage place of energy in molecules / compounds
Break a bond  RELEASE energy
Make a bond  REQUIRES energy
KNOW THIS!!! FUNDAMENTAL BASIS OF SCIENCE
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

12. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Energy in Reactions
EXERGONIC (E exiting)
Chemical reactions that release energy
Often spontaneous (occur on their own)
But often need a “push” to get started
ENDERGONIC (E needing)
Chemical reactions that absorb energy
Need energy input to occur
ACTIVATION ENERGY  the energy needed to get a reaction started. Enzymes (proteins) do this.
 The “push”
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

13. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
CATABOLISM
HYDROLYSIS
EXOTHERMIC
RELEASE ENERGY
BREAK BONDS
CELL RESPIRATION
Big
Molecules
Small
Molecules
METABOLISM
ANABOLISM
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
ENDOTHERMIC
STORE ENERGY
MAKE BONDS
REDUCTION
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

14. Condensation Reaction
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

15. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

16. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

17. So why do polymers (macromolecules) matter to life?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

18. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
MONOMERS
POLYMERS
Simple or Single Sugars
Carbohydrates or
Complex Sugars
Amino Acids
Proteins
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Fats or Lipids
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acids:
RNA or DNA
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

19. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Carbohydrates
Fxn: Primary source of Energy
Structure: Made of C, H, and O
Ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1
General formula: Cn(H2O)n-1 ie. C12H22O11
n = the # of C’s in the molecule
Rings are usually formed as opposed to the linear structure
Small carbs. are water soluble because of -OH groups
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

20. GLUCOSE: key to life Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms.
This is what our bodies break down when we eat to obtain energy!
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

21. Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide = Monomer
Simple sugars: glucose, galactose, fructose
6-C sugar molecule = “hexose”
Disaccharides = 2 sugars linked together
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Polysaccharide = Polymer
Longterm energy storage
Plants = starch, cellulose
Animals = glycogen
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

22. ISOMERS Same molecular formula different structural formula
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What is the molecular formula for each? What are the structural differences?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

23. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
POLYSACCHARIDES
Structural Materials & Energy Storage
1. Plant Cell walls: Cellulose (not digestable)
2. Plant tissue: Starch (yummy!)
3. Arthropod Exoskeleton: Chitin
4. Cell Walls of Fungi: Chitin
5. Cell Walls of Bacteria: Peptidoglycan
6. Animals: Glycogen (liver & muscles)
Insulin
Glycogen Glucose
Glucagon
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

24. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

25. LIPIDS  Fats, Oils, Waxes
Fxn: Long-term energy storage
& cell membrane structure
Structure: Made of C, H, O
No definite ratios but very high amount of H’s
Nonpolar – not soluble in water; hydrophobic
Examples: triglycerides - saturated & unsaturated fats, phospholipids, sterols (steroids &cholesterol, hormones and vitamins
is a good website for lipids
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

26. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Lipid Properties
MONOMER: 1 glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids
POLYMER: Lipid
Properties of lipid depends on fatty acids
(saturated vs. unsaturated)
GLYCEROL
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

27. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

28. Saturated vs. Unsaturated
All single bonds connect C
Solid at room temp
Ex: butter, lard
“Straight, stackable”
Contain double bonds
Liquid at room temp
Ex: olive oil, corn oil
Typically plant-based
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

29. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

30. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
What are trans-fats?
“Trans” double bonds are not naturally found in biological systems
When unsat. fats are “hydrogenated” to become sat. fat (easier to store, ship,use), the H’s can rearrange and ‘straighten out’ the molecule
Trans fat is bad b/c it is not recognized by our body’s enzymes
very clever, simple explanation of saturation in fatty acids
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

31. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Component of cell membrane
Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group
Amphipathic
Polar head: hydrophilic
Phosphate group attached to glycerol
Non-Polar Tail: Hydrophobic
Two fatty acid chains attached to glycerol
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

32. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Required to build and maintain cell membranes
Regulates membrane fluidity
May act as an antioxidant
Aids in the manufacture of bile
Important for the metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K)
Synthesis in hormones: cortisol, aldosterone & sex hormones
HDL good, LDL bad
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

33. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Proteins
Structure: contain N, C, H, O
Have an amino group (-NH2)
Have a carboxyl group (-COOH)
Have an “R” group (“other”)
there are 20 different R groups
Three major groups: Polar, Ionic, and Nonpolar
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

34. The “R” group is in a white box
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

35. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Proteins
MONOMER: amino acid
POLYMER: Polypeptide or Protein
2 amino acids are joined by a peptide bond
4 levels of protein structure
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

36. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Proteins
Functions:
Control cellular reactions (enzymes)
Regulate cell processes
Structure (tissues, bones, muscles)
Transport
Help fight disease
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

37. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Protein Structure
Primary structure
Amino acids bond forming polypeptide chain
Secondary structure
Chain folds or twists into specific configuration
Stabilized by H bonds (ex: α helices, β pleats)
Tertiary Structure
More complex folding: globular or spherical
Usually b/c of hydrophobicity
Quaternary Structure
Multiple structures folded together
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

38. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

39. Causes of Denaturation (changing shape)
What can cause a change in protein conformation/shape
Temperature:
Increase or decrease will possibly cause bonds to be disrupted.
2. pH
Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and repulsions that contribute to tertiary structure.
Salt Concentration
Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and repulsions
4. Solvents (liquids that dissolve)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

40. Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Nucleic Acids
Fxn: Store or transmit genetic information
Structure: contains H, O, N, C, P
MONOMER: Nucleotide
Nucleotide made of three parts:
5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine)
POLYMER: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
or RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem

41. Nucleotide Organization
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem