1. Flowers

2. Georgia O’Keefe – ‘Two Calla Lilies on Pink’

3. Tulips

4. Semper Augustus Tulip

5. Current Broken Tulip

6. Queen of the Night Tulip

9. Wild Rose

10. Yellow rose – many “petals” are actually modified sterile “petalloid” stamens

11. Helleborus – five separate carpels

12. Malus – crab apple – typical flower structure

13. Carpels may be fused together

14. Flower Shapes regular/ radially symmetrical/actinmorphic – many possible mirror images irregular/bilaterally symmetrical /zygomorphic - only one mirror image - peas, mints, orchids

15. Flower Shapes Regular/ActinomorphicIrregular/Zygomorphic

16. Flower Sexuality, etc. monoecious - separate flowers for male and female both on one plant – corn dioecious - male and female plants are separate - separate sexes - gingko Perfect flower - flower has stamens and carpels – bisexual flowers Imperfect flower - lacks either stamens or carpels - will be staminate or carpellate (pistillate) Complete - has sepals, petals, stamens and carpels Incomplete - lacking one of the 4 main flower parts

17. Jatropha – monoecious but insect pollinated

18. Willows - Dioecious

19. Complete Flower

20. Incomplete Flower – Panic Grass

21. Inflorescence Often flowers, especially small flowers, are gathered into a structure known as an inflorescence – an aggregation of flowers on a single flowering branch Bract - more or less modified leaf that subtends flower or inflorescence- bract can look like normal leaf Bract can also look like petal - petaloid

22. Dogwood with petalloid leafy bracts

23. Types of Inflorescence 1. Racemous or indeterminant - youngest flower at apex - in theory could produce flowers forever - some may by fruiting while apex still flowering - include - racemes, panicle, spike, corymb, head, umbel, catkin 2. Cymose or determinant - oldest flowers at apex - moving down younger flowers - cyme, scorpiod cyme

24. Larkspur inflorescence – a raceme

25. Switchgrass inflorescence – a panicle

26. Blazing star – a spike

27. Wild parsnip – umbel inflorescence

28. Sunflower – Composite head inflorescence

29. Birch - Catkins

30. Skunk cabbage inflorescence – with spathe and spadix

31. Borage Inflorescence – a scorpiod cyme

32. Poppy Flower - Solitary

34. Pollination syndromes among the phloxes

35. Beetle Pollination Several modern plant species are pollinated largely or exclusively by beetles - beetles were probably the first important group of insect pollinators Beetle flowers - large, borne singly - Magnolia, some lilies, California poppies, and wild roses or small and in inflorescence - dogwood, elders, parsley Beetles have quite a well-developed sense of smell and their flowers are often quite odoriferous - fruity, spicy or foul odors such as from fermentation Flowers often white or dully colored Often produce large amounts of pollen, some produce a little nectar, beetles chew directly on petals of some

36. Magnolia – beetle pollinated

37. Bee and Wasp Pollination Most important group of flower pollinators Bees and wasps have mouthparts, body hairs and other appendages that allow them to efficiently collect and carry pollen and nectar 20,000 species of bees - most pollinate flowers Bees highly visual - don’t see red, but do see ultraviolet as a color Bee flowers - typically have showy, brightly colored petals, often blue or yellow - never pure red Have patterns called nectar guides which direct bees to pollen and nectar - often in UV color Nectaries usually at base of corolla tube, produce large amounts of nectar, concentrated nectar - up to 70% sugar Petals often have landing platform for bees

38. Honeybee covered with pollen

39. Scotch broom – bee pollinated

40. Honeybee pollinating beebalm – Monarda sp.

41. With visible lightwith UV light Nectar guides for honeybees

42. Fly Pollination can flower during day or night color highly variable, but will be purple-brown or greenish for carrion and dung flies often very strong odors – smelling of decay for carrion flies usually fairly open flowers, but some have deep traps to keep flies inside for a night usually no reward but some provide pollen or nectar

43. Cyrtid fly pollinating a composite

44. Caralluma – carrion fly pollinated

45. Butterfly and Moth Pollination Butterfly and moth flowers similar to bee flowers because moths and butterflies also guided to flowers by combination of sight and smell Some butterflies can see red, so often have red or orange color for flower Nectary is often at bottom of long, slender corolla tube or a nectar spur - only accessible to long sucking probocis of moths and butterflies Nectar is copious, but not so concentrated - often 25% sugar Moths are nocturnal so many of their flowers emit heavy fragrance at night, often pale or white in color - scent is sweet and penetrating

46. Erysimum – butterfly pollinated

47. Episcia – moth pollinated

48. Bird Pollination Bird pollinated flowers produce copious, thin nectar - often about 25% sugar, often very high in sucrose - may actually drip with nectar Usually have little odor because birds have poor sense of smell Birds see red and bird pollinated flowers often very colorful with reds and yellows - red columbine, fuchsia, passion flower, hibicus, poinsettia, many cactus and orchids The flowers are usually large or part of large inflorescence Nectar usually held in long tubes that other animals can’t reach

49. Hummingbird pollination

50. Ipomopsis aggregata – hummingbird pollinated

51. Greater double-collared sunbird

52. Proteus – pollinated by perching birds

53. Bat Pollination About 250 species of bat (25%) include some pollen, nectar or fruit in their diet - many pollinate flowers as part of their feeding Bat flowers are similar to bird flowers - large, strong flower which produces copious nectar - Often dull colored because open at night - may only open at night Often have very strong fermenting or fruitlike odors, may be musky odors too Bat flowers often hang down below foliage to enable bats to easily get to the flower Banana, mango, sisal and kapok flowers pollinated by bats

54. Bat pollination

55. Wind Pollination Usually have dull colors, relatively odorless, do not produce nectar, petals small or absent, sexes often separated Wind pollinated flowers are most common in temperate areas where large stands of single species of plant occur With trees, wind pollination occurs in spring before leaves have emerged - usually have well exposed stamens to shed pollen to wind and stigma also exposed - often with feathery outgrowths to catch pollen Often the plants have various mechanisms to promote out-crossing - separate sexes - dioecious - willows, poplars unisexual flowers on same tree - monoecious - oaks, birches Self-incompatible - grasses Flowers are typically small, have single ovule per flower - however have many flowers borne in inflorescences and multiple inflorescences

56. Box elder – wind pollinated – female left, male right

57. Wild Oats – Avena fatua

58. Wild oat flower – close up

59. Cottonwood Catkins MaleFemale