1. The First Political Parties
Chapter 9 Section 3

2. What is a political party?
Hamilton’s financial plan started a debate regarding the role of the Federal government and the role of states
The framers of the Constitution did not believe political parties would form
Faction- an organized political group.
James Madison considered factions to be selfish groups.
Thought that a strong national government as provided in the Constitution would prevent the occurrence of factions

3. Who didn’t like factions?
Most founding politicians DID NOT like the idea of political parties or factions.
Among them:
Jefferson, Hamilton and Madison
Washington especially against them
Predicted that factions would destroy “the best fabric of human government and happiness.
Partisan- favoring one political faction

4. How the parties emerged
Arguments over Hamilton’s National Bank surfaced new disagreements regarding the role of the Federal government.
The Two Major Parties and their Leaders:
1. Federalists
2. Democratic Republicans

5. Federalists emphasize order over freedom
Led by Hamilton
Believed wealthy and educated should lead
Favored strong central government
Loose interpretation of Constitution
Pro-British
Favored National Bank
Emphasized manufacturing, shipping and trade
Favored Protective tariff
Federalists emphasize order over freedom

6. Democratic Republicans
Were led by Thomas Jefferson
Believed people should have political power
Favored strong state government
Favored strict interpretation of government
Emphasized agriculture
Pro-French
Opposed National Bank
Opposed protective tariff
Democratic Republicans emphasize
freedom over order.

7. The Role of the People
Federalists – Did not believe it was wise to let the public become too involved in politics.
Hamilton: “The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right.”
Anti-Federalists- Believed in the wisdom of the common man.
Jefferson: “I am not among those who fear the people. They, and not the rich, are our dependence for continued freedom.”

8. What people were saying…
“I am a Federalist, the friend of order, of government, and of the present administration.” - Federalist
“Are not some amongst us… advocates for monarchy and aristocracy? Are not the principles of all such people hostile to the principles of the constitution?” –Democratic Republican

9. Who do you agree with?
1. Federalists: “We should not support France in their revolution. It’s not our problem and we don’t have the power or wealth to support them.”
Democratic Republicans: “We should support France in their Revolution since they helped us in our own. It’s only fair, and liberty is a cause worth fighting for beyond our own nation.”
2. Federalists: “The wealthy elite of society possess the education to lead the nation. The average man is not educated enough to make decisions for the country and should not lead.”
Democratic Republicans: “The elite of society should not make decisions for the average man since they are removed from the common problems of everyday life. The average man is the foot-soldier of democratic society.”

10. Under Washington
Washington usually sided with Hamilton, as he developed a close bond with him throughout the Revolutionary war
Hamilton was his personal assistant
Washington was therefore Federalist, just as Hamilton was

11. Election of 1796
Washington leaves office after two terms, setting an important precedent
Next election in 1796 was between Thomas Jefferson (former Secretary of State) and John Adams, Vice President
Parties decided candidates at caucuses. (a meeting of members of a political party to choose candidates for upcoming elections.

12. Democratic Republican
The Election of 1796 was to select the 2nd president of the United States after George Washington.
The race was between:
Election of 1796
Thomas Jefferson
John
Adams VS
Democratic Republican
Federalist

13. Election of Results
1st Place became President, 2nd place became Vice President.
Today, President and VP run as a ticket. Not the case back then.
Adams won for the Federalists
Jefferson became Vice- President as a Democratic Republican
Why is this important that there is both a Federalist and Democratic Rep?

14. Electoral Map for Election 1796

16. The Presidency of John Adams
Day 2:
The Presidency of John Adams
Mr. Rasmussen and Mrs. Asaro:

17. Do Now: I See, I think, I wonder
I see I think I wonder, give title

18. John Adams Our Second President

19. Troubles with France
French were angry at American neutrality in their war against Britain
Why would France be angry at American Neutrality?
French were key ally during American Revolution
Should America have returned the favor?

20. XYZ Affair- Video 1797-Adams sent American diplomats to France
The three French diplomats who met the US diplomats were known as agents “x” “y” and “z”
Agents of the French government demanded a bribe of $250,000 and a multimillion dollar loan to France
The Americans said they would pay “not a sixpence” (coin worth six cents)

21. XYZ Affair
Led to slogan: “Millions for defense, but not one sixpence for tribute” (forced payment)
The French Agents’ names were kept secret and referred to as X,Y, and Z
Many Americans angered by XYZ Affair.
Federalists urged Adams to ask Congress to declare war on France

22. “The Paris Monster” Questions: What is the author’s point of view?
How does the author portray the French? Why?
How does the author portray the Americans?
Central idea?
“Cease bawling Monster! We will not give you a six pence!”

23. War Fever- What does it mean?
The XYZ affair made many clamor for war with France.
John Adams asked Congress to strengthen the military-this increased the power of the central government
Although there were skirmishes with the French between 1798 and 1800, Adams did not seek full-scale war
1800-Adams sent diplomats to France, Napoleon agreed to stop seizing American ships
Wished his gravestone to read “Here lies John Adams, who took upon himself the responsibility of peace with France in the year 1800.”

24. Napoleon Bonaparte

25. Alien and Sedition Acts
Federalists believed that their power was threatened by political opponents
Many Federalists also suspected that immigrants were bringing dangerous ideas to the US and were backing the Republicans
Alien-Somebody from another country
Sedition-conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against an authority

26. Not this type of alien

27. Continued- Video
1798-Alien Act increased length of time to become an American citizen-from 5 years to 14 & allowed President to deport or imprison any alien suspected of being dangerous
1798-Sedition Act made it illegal to say anything false or insulting about the government
Republicans denounced acts
1st Amendment violated

28. Why did Adams enact the Alien and Sedition Acts?
STABILITY
Federalists have tended to legislate in favor of stability rather than freedom
How might the A and S Acts promote stability?
Responses to Acts
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
leads to Jefferson being elected

29. States’ Rights
Supreme Court did not yet interpret Constitution-difficult for Republicans to overturn Acts
Madison and Jefferson convinced legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia to declare Acts unconstitutional

30. Nullification – What does nullification mean?
Kentucky and Virginia resolutions claimed that states could nullify (deprive of legal force) laws passed by Congress
These resolutions also strengthened the idea of states’ rights. States would challenge federal laws in the future
Alien and Sedition Acts expired in and 1802