1. 98-1 Focus on Grammar 4 By Ruth Luman, Gabriele Steiner, and BJ Wells
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Content Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive
Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive
Negative Yes/No Questions and Tag Questions
Phrasal Verbs

3. Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive
Part 1
Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive

4. Adventure Travel Ad
Are you looking for a little adventure in your life? Travel with me to beautiful Colorado. I’m an experienced river rafting and rock climbing guide. I’ve been guiding adventure travelers in this area for 10 years. In fact, last year, I took 30 trips down the Colorado River. Oh, and don’t worry about safety. I’ve also taken a number of first aid and safety courses. No one has ever broken any bones on my trips! 4

5. Use ago to show when something started.
Simple Past 1
Use the simple past to talk about things that happened and were completed in the past.
I rafted down the Nile River a year ago.
I kayaked in the Grand Canyon for two months.
rafted
past
now
future
kayaked
Use ago to show when something started.
He’s not kayaking now.

6. have guided have been rock climbing
Perfect Tenses 1
Use the present perfect and the present perfect progressive to talk about things that started in the past, but were not completed.
I have guided travelers my entire career.
I have been rock climbing for 10 years.
past
now
future
have guided have been rock climbing
These things continue up to the present and may continue into the future.

7. Remember! I’ve been knowing how to rock climb since I was young.
Non-action (stative) verbs are not usually used in the progressive.
I’ve been knowing how to rock climb since I was young.
I’ve known how to rock climb since I was young. 7

8. Perfect Tenses 2 I have trained for six years to take this trip.
We often use the present perfect and the present perfect progressive with for and since. Use for to show how long something has been true and since to show when something started.
I have trained for six years to take this trip.
for six years
He has been guiding trips since 2000.
since 2000.
past
now
future
for six years
have trained
has been guiding
since 2000

9. Simple Past 2 We trekked through the Andes Mountains last year.
Use the simple past with past time expressions.
We trekked through the Andes Mountains last year.
last year.
He backpacked in Peru two months ago.
ago.
past
now
future
trekked
backpacked

10. Be Careful!
Don’t use specific time expressions with the present perfect except after since.
She has taken skydiving lessons last year.
last year.
She took skydiving lessons last year.
last year.
She has taken skydiving lessons since 2004.
since 2004. 10

11. Present Perfect 1 They have canoed down the Amazon River. past future
Use the present perfect without time expressions to talk about things that happened at some indefinite time in the past.
They have canoed down the Amazon River.
time ????
past
now
future
We don’t know when they canoed down the river, or the time is not important.

12. Present Perfect 2 He has visited Machu Picchu three times.
The present perfect without for or since shows that an activity is finished. We often say how many or how many times with this use of the present perfect.
He has visited Machu Picchu three times.
three times.
past
now
future

13. Present Perfect Progressive
The present perfect progressive shows that an activity is unfinished. We often say how long with the present perfect progressive.
They have been climbing for five hours.
for five hours.
past
now
future
for five hours
have been climbing
The activity is not finished. They’re still climbing.

14. Present Perfect & Simple Past
Use the present perfect or the simple past with unfinished time periods such as today, this week, this month, and this year. Notice the difference in meaning.
She’s traveled to Alaska twice this month.
The month isn’t over. She might travel again.
this month.
The month isn’t over, but she probably won’t travel again this month.
She traveled to Alaska twice this month.
this month.

15. Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive
Part 2
Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive

16. Form 1
Use will/won’t + have + past participle to form the future perfect.
Contestants
a dream.
Some racers
the course.
They
dehydration.
will
have
fulfilled
won’t
have
finished
will
have
endured 16

17. Future Perfect Progressive 1
Use the future perfect progressive to talk about an action that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
By her first Ironman race
By her first Ironman race, she will have been running for three years.
past
now
future
three years
began running
will enter race 17

18. Future Perfect Progressive 2
In the future perfect progressive, the action may start sometime in the future or it may have already started.
By the time the team begins paddling
By the time the team begins paddling, they will have been trekking for 18 hours straight.
past
now
future
18 hours
will begin trekking
will begin paddling 18

19. Form 2
Use will / won’t + have been + base form + -ing to form the future perfect progressive.
She
for three years.
Some racers
very long.
Riders
all day.
will
have
been
running
won’t
have
been
training
will
have
been
eating 19

20. Time Clauses
Use the future perfect or future perfect progressive with the simple present to show the relationship between two future events.
First, millions of spectators line up.
simple present
future perfect
When the race starts
When the race starts, millions of spectators will have lined up.
Then the race starts.
now
past
future 20

21. Negative Yes/No Questions and Tag Questions
Part 3
Negative Yes/No Questions
and Tag Questions

22. Negative Yes/No Questions
Like affirmative yes/no questions, negative yes/no questions begin with a form of be or an auxiliary verb, such as have, do, will, can, or should.
Can’t you swim
somewhere else?
Haven’t you
had lunch yet?
Didn’t you see the shark warning sign?
Aren’t sharks vegetarians? 22

23. It’s a long way down, isn’t it? I went the wrong way, didn’t I?
Tag Questions 1
Form tag questions with statement + tag. The statement expresses an assumption. The tag means Right? OR Isn’t that true?
Tag
It’s a long way down, isn’t it?
Tag
I went the wrong way, didn’t I?
Statement
Statement 23

24. You won’t talk for too long, This rope will hold me, won’t it?
Tag Questions 2
If the statement verb is affirmative, the tag verb is negative. If the statement verb is negative, the tag verb is affirmative.
Negative
Affirmative
You won’t talk for too long,
will you?
This rope will hold me, won’t it?
Negative
Affirmative 24

25. Tag Questions 3
Form the tag with a form of be or an auxiliary verb, such as have, do, will, can, or should. Use the same auxiliary that is in the statement.
He has done this before, hasn’t he?
He isn’t joking, is he?
You bought life insurance, didn’t you? 25

26. Intonation 1 You’re right. I didn’t wear a seat belt.
Use tag questions in conversations when you expect the other person to agree with you. In this type of tag question, the voice falls on the tag.
You’re right. I didn’t wear a seat belt.
That hurts, doesn’t it?
You didn’t wear a seatbelt, did you?
This type of tag question is more like a statement than a question. The listener can just nod or say uh-huh to show that he or she is listening and agrees.
The speaker is checking information he believes is correct. He expects the listener to answer (and agree).
Uh-huh. 26

27. Intonation 2 This isn’t dangerous, is it?
Tag questions can be used to get information. This type of tag question is more like a yes/no question. Like a yes/no question, the voice rises at the end, and you usually get an answer.
This isn’t dangerous, is it?
That’s what they told us in the skydiving class.
The speaker wants to confirm his information because he is not sure it is correct.
Well, sometimes there are sharks.
This parachute will open before we land, won’t it? 27

28. Part 4
Phrasal Verbs

29. Transitive Phrasal Verbs 1
Most transitive phrasal verbs are separable. This means that noun objects can go after the particle or between the verb and the particle.
He can’t figure out the instructions.
noun object
He can’t figure the instructions out.
noun object 29

30. Transitive Phrasal Verbs 2
Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means that both noun and pronoun objects always go after the particle. You cannot separate the verb from its particle.
Sam ran his boss into.
Sam ran into his boss.
He ran him into.
Sam ran into him. 30

31. Transitive Phrasal Verbs 3
A small group of transitive phrasal verbs must be separated.
I have to do over the report.
I have to do the report over. 31

32. Transitive Phrasal Verbs 4
Some transitive phrasal verbs are used in combination with certain prepositions. A phrasal verb + preposition combination (also called a three-word verb) is usually inseparable.
I think I should drop out of this class.
I can’t keep up with new technology. 32

33. Intransitive Phrasal Verbs
Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. This means that they do not take an object.
Son, hold on. I’m busy talking on the phone right now.
Dad, hang up and call the fire department! 33