2. The Five Themes of Geography

3. History is the study of events over time. 2000 BC 900 AD 1492 AD 1621 AD

4. Geography - the study of distribution and interaction of physical and human features on the earth.

5. Geographers use a variety of tools: Maps Photographs Charts Graphs and Tables Scale Models Five Themes of Geography

6. Geography Terms ► Parallels – Another name for lines of latitude. They are always parallel to the equator. Parallels north of the equator are labeled with an N, and those south of the equator are labeled with an S. ► Meridians – Another name for lines of longitude. ► Prime Meridian – imaginary line that runs through Greenwich, England, from the North Pole to the South Pole. ► Degrees – Measurement used when using latitude & longitude. Symbol for degrees is °. Degrees are further divided into minutes, for which the symbol is ‘. There are 60 minutes in a degree.

7. Geography Terms ► Grid – Pattern of lines that circle the globe in east-west and north-south directions. ► Latitude – lines drawn in an east-west direction and measure distance north & south of the equator. Each degree of latitude is approximately 69 miles apart. ► Longitude – lines of longitude are drawn in a north- south direction and measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian. At the equator, a line of longitude is 69 miles apart. The distance shrinks down to zero at the poles. ► Equator – imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the North Pole & South Pole.

8. Geography Terms ► Hemispheres – The world is divided into 4 hemispheres. The equator divides the earth into a Northern & Southern Hemisphere. The Prime Meridian divides the earth into a Eastern & Western Hemispheres. ► Continents – The earth’s land surfaces are organized into 7 continents. North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. ► Oceans – The largest division of water surfaces. There are 5 major oceans. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, & Southern Ocean.

10. Latitude Imaginary lines north and and south from the equator. Equator N S 10 0 20 0 10 0 20 0 30 0 0 90 0 W E Prime Meridian 10 0 20 0 10 0 20 0 30 0 0 180 0 Longitude Imaginary lines east and west from the Prime Meridian.

11. Together, latitude and longitude form a GRID SYSTEM.

12. Locate the following using the map on pages 4-5. 1.City closest to 30S / 150E 2.Country bounded by 0S, 15S, 15E, 30E 3.City closest to 60N / 45E 4.Islands between 15N, 30N, 150W, 165W 5.Country through which 75N, 40W pass 6.You are at 15S / 90E. Do you need a car or a boat? 7.What is at 90N / 180W? 8.Country through which 55N, 0E pass.

13. Hemispheres The Earth is divided at the equator into two halves. Each half is called a hemisphere or half-circle. Equator 0 S 90 0 Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere N 90 0

14. Use the map on pages 2-3 to determine the hemisphere in which each place is located. Write North or South. 1.United States 2.Congo Basin 3.Rio de Janeiro 4.Gobi Desert 5.Red Sea 6.Cape Horn

15. Hemispheres The Earth is also divided east and west. Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere Prime Meridian 0 0 Longitude Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere International Dateline 180 0 Longitude

16. Use the map on pages 2-3 to determine the hemisphere in which each place is located. Write East or West. 1.Siberia 2.Aleutian Islands 3.Puerto Rico 4.Arabian Peninsula 5.Andes Mountains 6.Mariana Islands

17. Five Themes of Geography Location: where is it? Place: what is it like? Region: how are places similar or different? Human-Environment Interaction: how do people relate to the physical world? Movement: how do people goods, and ideas move from one place to another?

18. LOCATION Where is it? Absolute Location: the exact place on earth where a geographic feature, such a city, is found. Latitude/Longitude or street address. Relative Location: describes a place in comparison to other places around it.

20. Three types of regions Formal Regions: defined by REGION How are places similar or different? ClimateCulture VegetationContinental area Land use

21. Functional Regions: defined interactions and connections between places. Ex. Perceptual Regions: defined by what people perceive or “see” as characteristic of the region. Ex. The Heartland REGION

22. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION How do people relate to the physical world? Jobs Animals Crops Transportation Clothes Houses Engineering Food Sources Protection

23. MOVEMENT How do people goods, and ideas move from one place to another? Linear Distance: how far Time Distance: how long Psychological Distance: how far away we think or feel a place is.

24. Map Projections Attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth on a flat surface. Some distortions of conformality, distance, direction, scale, and area always result from this process. Types: Mercator, Robinson, Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area, Winkel Tripel

25. Winkel Tripel Mercator Azimuthal Goode’s interrupted Equal Area Robinson