1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited By: Adam Stonehill By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited By: Adam Stonehill

2. Earlier Explorations – Pre Colombian (before Columbus 1492) Discoveries 1.Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca (Indian Ocean Trade Circuit wealthiest circuit until mid 1600s) 2.A New Player  Europe Marco Polo, 1271 (during Pax Mongolica) Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. (Centralization of Government with growth of Absolutism) Better seaworthy ships. (Improved sails, Caravel ships, Astrolabe and Compass inventions dominate Asia and then Europe) 3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” – Travels throughout Indian Ocean Circuit for glory and research NOT for wealth. When journeys become too expensive they are stopped by Ming Confucian bureaucrats and Emperor

3. Admiral Zheng He 1371-1435 How could China afford such voyages? Why were journeys so expensive? Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

4. Zheng He’s Voyages In 1498, Da Gama (Portugal) reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

5. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492 (Geocentrism vs Heliocentrism)

6. Motives for European Exploration 1.Crusades  by-pass intermediaries in trade routes to get to Asia. (Muslim Empires) –heard of fantastic wealth of Indian Ocean 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3.Reformation  refugees & missionaries. (spread “your type” of Christianity – Catholicism vs Protestantism) 4.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue (compete against other monarchs and powerful nobles) 5.Technological advances. 6.Fame and fortune.(for soldiers and Conquistadors)

7. New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariner’s Compass

8. New Weapons Technology

9. Portuguese Maritime Empire First European “oceanic” explorers West Africa first (forts established) First Europeans to reach “wealthy” Indian ocean trade by Vasco da Gama Gain “eastern” territories of Pope Alexander VI’s Treaty of Tordesillas Main colonies are: Brazil (Sugarcane, most slaves of any colony) and East Indies (spices) Decline with rise of Dutch and English by 1700.

10. Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419 Created an “atmosphere” conducive to exploration

11. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

12. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

13. Portuguese Maritime Empire 1.Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2.Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.(reaches Cape of Good Hope) 3.Vasco da Gama, 1498. (reaches Indian Ocean Trade Circuit) Calicut. 4.Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Indian Ocean - Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511). 5.Declines by mid-1600s (too small of population and resources to continue to dominate large empire)

14. Spanish Maritime Empire Ferdinand and Isabella finish unifying Spain (Reconquista) Create largest and wealthiest Western European Kingdom up to that point Bankroll Christopher Columbus’ explorations with hope of finding Western route to Indian Ocean Circuit Dominates Western Hemisphere’s resources from early 1500s to mid 1600s Replaced by English, French and Dutch by mid 1600s

15. Christofo Colon [1451-1506] (Christopher Columbus) – Sails for Spain after attempting to gain funding from numerous other Princes and Kings Christofo Colon [1451-1506] (Christopher Columbus) – Sails for Spain after attempting to gain funding from numerous other Princes and Kings

16. Columbus’ Four Voyages

17. Other Voyages of Exploration

18. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

19. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado” (City of Gold) – profit making

20. Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

21. The Death of Montezuma II

22. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

23. Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs.

24. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

26. The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

27. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

28. Treasures from the Americas!

29. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

30. The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

31. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

32. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

33. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

34. European Empires in the Americas

35. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

36. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1.Encomienda or forced labor. 2.Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3.Papal agreement.

37. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

38. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542

39. New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2.Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3.First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. 4.Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

40. New Colonial Rivals

41. Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries.

42. 5. New Patterns of World Trade