1. What is Biology? What is Life?

2. All this creates a Question:
What is
Life?

3. Characteristics of Life
All life has seven characteristics in common:
Living things are made of cells.

4. Cells All living things are made of one or more cells.
A cell is the smallest unit capable of all life processes

5. Characteristics of Life
All life has seven characteristics in common:
Living things are made of cells.
Living things maintain their internal environment.

6. Homeostasis
All living organisms must maintain a stable internal environment in order to function properly.
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment is called homeostasis.

7. Characteristics of Life
All life has seven characteristics in common:
Living things are made of cells.
Living things maintain their internal environment.
Living things pass on their traits.

8. Heredity & Evolution
When an organism reproduces, it passes on its own traits to its offspring in a process called heredity.
Inherited characteristics change over generations. This process is called evolution

9. Characteristics of Life
All life has seven characteristics in common:
Living things are made of cells.
Living things maintain their internal environment.
Living things pass on their traits.
Living things perform chemical activities. This is known as metabolism.

10. Metabolism
Living organisms carry out different chemical reactions in order to obtain energy.
The sum of all the chemical reactions carried out in an organism is called metabolism.
Almost all of the energy used by living things originally comes from the sun.

11. Characteristics of Life
All life has seven characteristics in common:
Living things are made of cells.
Living things maintain their internal environment.
Living things pass on their traits.
Living things perform chemical activities. This is known as metabolism.
Living things grow and develop.

12. Growth and Development
All living organisms grow.
As organisms grow, many change. This process is called development.
Development differs from evolution because development refers to change in a single individual during that individual’s life.

13. Characteristics of Life
All life has seven characteristics in common:
Living things are made of cells.
Living things maintain their internal environment.
Living things pass on their traits.
Living things perform chemical activities. This is known as metabolism.
Living things grow and develop.
Living things respond to a stimulus.

14. Response to Stimuli
In addition to maintaining a stable internal environment, living organisms respond to their external environment.
Can you think of a way that you have responded to your environment
today?

15. Characteristics of Life
All life has seven characteristics in common:
Living things are made of cells.
Living things maintain their internal environment.
Living things pass on their traits.
Living things perform chemical activities. This is known as metabolism.
Living things grow and develop.
Living things respond to a stimulus.
Living things reproduce.

16. Reproduction
Most living things can reproduce. Reproduction is the process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next.

17. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

18. Cells Timeline
Robert Hooke (1665): studied cork; saw tiny, regular shaped “boxes”; called them cells.
Matthais Schleiden (1838)
All plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)
All animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow (1855)
Concluded all cells come from other cells
He thought the cells looked like prison rooms and the rooms priests were housed in the monestaries therefore called them cells.
Go to Section:

19. What is a VIRUS??
Is it ALIVE????

20. Viruses are 1/1000 to 1/10,000 the size of our cells.
Slide # 4
Viruses are 1/1000 to 1/10,000 the size of our cells.

21. What is a Virus? Classified as non-living: are not made up of cells
Slide # 5
What is a Virus?
Classified as non-living:
are not made up of cells
Cannot live independently
can not reproduce on their own
Does not require food/does not grow, develop or move

22. Viruses consist of: Nucleic acid: DNA or RNA (inner core)
Slide # 7
Viruses consist of:
Nucleic acid: DNA or RNA (inner core)
Protein Coat, called a Capsid
Bacteriophage virus
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Cold virus
Flu virus
Capsid

23. Notes: Cells http://www.studiodaily.com/main/technique/tprojects/6850.html

24. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

25. Cells Timeline
Robert Hooke (1665): studied cork; saw tiny, regular shaped “boxes”; called them cells.
Matthais Schleiden (1838)
All plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)
All animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow (1855)
Concluded all cells come from other cells
He thought the cells looked like prison rooms and the rooms priests were housed in the monestaries therefore called them cells.
Go to Section:

26. There are two categories of cells:
Cell Types
There are two categories of cells:
Eukaryotic – Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

27. There are two categories of cells:
Cell Types
There are two categories of cells:
2. Prokaryotic – Have no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
Bacteria are an
example.

28. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

29. Make a Venn Diagram like shown below:

30. Two specific organelles have made Eukaryotic cells be the most successful….
Chloroplast
Consumes H2O and CO2 as it takes in energy from the sun to make sugar (food)
Mitochondria
Consumes O2 to make energy (ATP) from sugar (food)

31. But guess what…. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
These two organelles (mitochondria and chloroplast) are thought once be their own prokaryotic cell living inside a larger host cell…….these “prokaryotes” provided nutrients/oxygen to the host and in turn got a safe place to live.
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY

32. Since BOTH these organelles have their OWN DNA even more support that they…..
Chloroplast have DNA
Mitochondria have DNA

33. Endosymbiotic theory for dummies…..
(mr. Anderson teacher talking with pictures)

36. Two types of Eukaryotic cells are:
PLANT Cells
ANIMAL Cells

37. Make a Venn Diagram like shown below:

38. Organelles in Plant vs. Animal Cells
Plant Cells:
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Vacuoles are much larger
Animal Cells:
Lysosomes
Vacuoles are much smaller

39. Plant Cells Characteristics of Plant Cells:
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Characteristics of Plant Cells:
Rectangular or square shape
Cell wall that is composed mostly of cellulose

40. Animal Cells
Notice the circular shape of animal cells. Not all animals cells have this shape, but it is more common than not.
Cell membrane
Nucleus

41. Organelles
Organelles - Specialized structures in a cell that have a specific function.

42. Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane - Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable)
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

43. Cell Wall
Cell Wall - Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria that supports and shapes
Made of CELLULOSE
in plants,chitin,
etc. depending on the organism.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant

44. DNA/RNA DNA/RNA is the genetic information found in a cell
All living cells contain this
Contains instructions for the rest of the cell
Virus
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

45. Nucleus
Nucleus – Contains DNA (genetic information) and instructions for the productions of proteins and other cellular processes
Bounded by the nuclear envelope
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

46. Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Envelope – Layer surrounding the nucleus of a cell covered in nuclear pores, which allow material to move into and out of nucleus

47. Nucleolus
Nucleolus - Small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of ribosomes begins (ribosomal RNA)
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

48. Vacuoles
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Vacuoles – Sac like structure that stores water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Plants contain large central vacuoles
Animals contain many smaller vacuoles

49. Ribosomes Ribosomes – small particles of rRNA;
Where proteins are assembled
Found throughout the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
Are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

50. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
system of transport tunnels from nucleus to Golgi

51. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER- The portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins
Given this name because of the ribosomes found on its surface.
Abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export.
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

52. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER – Endoplasmic reticulum where ribosomes are not found on its surface
Involved in:
synthesis of lipids for cell
membranes
detoxification of drugs (in liver cells)
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

53. Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus - Modify, sort, and package proteins (from the ER) into vesicles for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
Finishing touches are put on proteins before they are ready to leave the “factory.”
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

54. Cytoskeleton
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Cytoskeleton - Internal structure of some cells that gives shape and is involved in movement
Consists of
Microtubules- hollow and tube like; made of proteins called tubulins
Microfilaments- thin, thread like; made of protein called actin.

55. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts - Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in food (photosynthesis).
Like a solar power plant.
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
Eukaryote
Plant

56. Mitochondria
Mitochondria - Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food (glucose) to make energy molecules for cells
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

57. Lysosomes
Lysosomes – Vesicles from a Golgi that contain digestive enzymes that
Digest/break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the cell
Break down/get rid of waste or worn out cell parts
Eukaryote
Animal

58. Centrioles
Centrioles - Paired structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nucleus give rise to the spindle during cell division.
Eukaryote
Animal

59. Cytoplasm
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Cytoplasm – The fluid matrix that consists of water and dissolved substances such as proteins and nutrients. (cytosol)

60. Cilia and Flagella Cilia are short, numerous, and hair-like
Flagella are long, fewer, and tail-like
Both are for movement
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Animal

61. Review: A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False

62. Review: A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False

63. Review: A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False

64. Review: A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False

65. Review:
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False
They both have DNA, except eukaryotes have it located in a membrane bound nucleus instead of thrown into the cytoplasm.

66. What is the organelle labeled #9?

67. What is the organelle labeled #9? MITOCHONDRIA

68. What is the organelle labeled #5?

69. What is the organelle labeled #5? ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

70. What is the organelle labeled #6?

71. What is the organelle labeled #6? GOLGI APPARATUS

73. VACUOLE

74. What is the organelle labeled #14?

75. What is the organelle labeled #14?
CHLOROPLAST

76. What is the organelle labeled # 2?

77. What is the organelle labeled # 2? VACUOLE