1. Principles of Government Man is by nature a political animal; it is his nature to live in a state. Aristotle (335 B.C.) Man is by nature a political animal; it is his nature to live in a state. Aristotle (335 B.C.)

2. What?  Is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies  Power - who has it?  Legislative, executive and judicial powers  State - describes the legal entity of a political unit  Nation - ethnic  Country - geographic place  Is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies  Power - who has it?  Legislative, executive and judicial powers  State - describes the legal entity of a political unit  Nation - ethnic  Country - geographic place

3. Characteristic of a state (independent political unit)  Population - large or small must be inhabited  Territory - must have land with known and recognized borders  Sovereignty - political authority to act independently, neither subordinate nor responsible to any other authority  Government - the mechanism through which a state makes and enforces its policies  Population - large or small must be inhabited  Territory - must have land with known and recognized borders  Sovereignty - political authority to act independently, neither subordinate nor responsible to any other authority  Government - the mechanism through which a state makes and enforces its policies

4. Why?  Necessary for order and harmony  Provide education  Guard public health, protect consumers  Protect the environment  Pave streets, regulate traffic  Punish criminals, respond to fires  Care for elderly, poor  Peace and security  Protect against terrorist attacks and other threats from abroad  Necessary for order and harmony  Provide education  Guard public health, protect consumers  Protect the environment  Pave streets, regulate traffic  Punish criminals, respond to fires  Care for elderly, poor  Peace and security  Protect against terrorist attacks and other threats from abroad

5. Origins of the State  Four theories that bring together the four characteristics  Force Theory - individual or group claimed a territory and forced the population to submit  Evolutionary Theory - population formed out of primitive families and the heads of families became the government  Divine Right - God created the state and chose those who rule territory  Four theories that bring together the four characteristics  Force Theory - individual or group claimed a territory and forced the population to submit  Evolutionary Theory - population formed out of primitive families and the heads of families became the government  Divine Right - God created the state and chose those who rule territory

6. Social Contract Theory Population gives up power to promote the well-being of all  State of Nature  No government  Thomas Hobbes (1651)  Do as you please, survival of the fittest  Life is solitary, poor nasty, brutish, and short  Social contract - give up rights for order  First theory in which people voluntarily took part in creating a state  State of Nature  No government  Thomas Hobbes (1651)  Do as you please, survival of the fittest  Life is solitary, poor nasty, brutish, and short  Social contract - give up rights for order  First theory in which people voluntarily took part in creating a state

7. State of Nature  John Locke (1680)  More optimistic view of people, some are just more self-interested  Social Contract: People agree to obey a government in return for protection of their “natural rights” (life, liberty, and property) ALL individuals  Remarkable impact on political thinkers of the 18th century  Previous: rights were for the privileged, superior (divine right)  John Locke (1680)  More optimistic view of people, some are just more self-interested  Social Contract: People agree to obey a government in return for protection of their “natural rights” (life, liberty, and property) ALL individuals  Remarkable impact on political thinkers of the 18th century  Previous: rights were for the privileged, superior (divine right)

8. Government  Thomas Jefferson - Unalienable rights  Virginia Declaration of Rights  Declaration of Independence  A government can not exist until it has been created - people and institutions with authority to establish and enforce public policies.  Thomas Jefferson - Unalienable rights  Virginia Declaration of Rights  Declaration of Independence  A government can not exist until it has been created - people and institutions with authority to establish and enforce public policies.

9. Government  To make policy you need:  Authority - the right to make decisions that others will follow.  Umpire to baseball  Teacher to grades  Neither to license vehicles or make people pay taxes  Power - the ability to make people accept the rules (punishments or rewards)  To make policy you need:  Authority - the right to make decisions that others will follow.  Umpire to baseball  Teacher to grades  Neither to license vehicles or make people pay taxes  Power - the ability to make people accept the rules (punishments or rewards)

10. Continued  Legitimacy - people accept its authority and its right to lead.  A government with enough power can exist for a while, usually by force, even if the people do not accept it. But legitimacy is necessary if the government is to be stable, effective, and lasting.  Consent of the governed -DEMOCRACY  Legitimacy - people accept its authority and its right to lead.  A government with enough power can exist for a while, usually by force, even if the people do not accept it. But legitimacy is necessary if the government is to be stable, effective, and lasting.  Consent of the governed -DEMOCRACY

11. Forms of Government  Autocracy - Monarchy, Dictatorship  Oligarchy - Communism (political party)  Democracy - Direct, Representative  Rule of Law - no person, no matter how important is above the law.  John Adams - we have “a government of laws, and not of men”  Autocracy - Monarchy, Dictatorship  Oligarchy - Communism (political party)  Democracy - Direct, Representative  Rule of Law - no person, no matter how important is above the law.  John Adams - we have “a government of laws, and not of men”

12. Distribution of Power  Unitary - all powers held by the government belong to a single, central agency  Creates local units of government for convenience, have only powers central govt. gives them.  Most governments in the world are Unitary  Unitary - all powers held by the government belong to a single, central agency  Creates local units of government for convenience, have only powers central govt. gives them.  Most governments in the world are Unitary

13. Distribution of Power  Confederate - an alliance of independent states with a central organization having the power to handle only those matters that the member states have assigned it  Rare in the world  EU  First U.S. government  Confederate - an alliance of independent states with a central organization having the power to handle only those matters that the member states have assigned it  Rare in the world  EU  First U.S. government

14. Distribution of Power  Federal - powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments  Change can’t be made by either acting alone and both levels act directly on the people  United States and now many others  Federal - powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments  Change can’t be made by either acting alone and both levels act directly on the people  United States and now many others

15. Distribution of Powers  Presidential - features a separation of powers between the executive and the legislative brances. They are independent of one another and coequal  Parliamentary - the executive branch is made up of the prime minister and it’s cabinet who are themselves members of the legislative branch. More power in the legislatvie branch  Presidential - features a separation of powers between the executive and the legislative brances. They are independent of one another and coequal  Parliamentary - the executive branch is made up of the prime minister and it’s cabinet who are themselves members of the legislative branch. More power in the legislatvie branch

16. Purpose of Government  Form an ideology  Beliefs and Goals  Thus creating POLITICS  Form an ideology  Beliefs and Goals  Thus creating POLITICS