1. Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies
Ch 15 Sec 4
Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies

2. The Election of 1952
Truman was tired, and was not very sure that he would even win if he ran for President again
Democrats then selected Adlai Stevenson, and he had no chance against the Republican selection of Dwight Eisenhower

3. Eisenhower’s Ideas…
Ike believed that by developing more technologically advanced ways of deliver a nuclear bomb the US could actually intimidate and Soviets and prevent war
Ike also like the idea of using the CIA to prevent the spread of communism instead of a large military force

4. More Bang for the Buck???
Ike had a huge role in WWII, and he also understood what that type of war costs
Ike believed that the US should not try to develop and maintain a huge standing army, which costs a lot of money, but we should be read to use the nuclear bomb

5. More Bang for the Buck???
Ike knew that the US could not fight small, expensive, and unpopular wars like Korea every time communism popped up somewhere
The new policy became “massive retaliation,” which meant that if Russia tried to expand anywhere we would just blow them up with so many nukes it would be ridiculous
Having more nukes and a smaller army allowed Ike to cut military spending by $16 billion, and he increased the number of bombs from 1,000 to 18,000 in just 8 years

6. Brinkmanship
The fact that Ike was so ready to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace scared may people
Ike was defended by his very successful Secretary of State John Dulles, who used the term “brinkmanship” = a willingness to go to the brink of nuclear war to prevent actual war

7. Ike Ends the Korean War
While he was running for President, Ike told the nation that if he was elected, he would end the increasingly unpopular Korean War
Upon winning the election, Ike went to Korea and saw that the war was costing too many lives and not bringing any victories

8. Ike Ends the Korean War
Ike then quietly hinted to the Chinese that the US would continue the Korean War “under circumstances of our own choosing” = hinting at nuclear war
China took the hint, and in 1953 they began negotiating the armistice (cease fire) between North and South Korea

9. The Taiwan Crisis
Soon after the Korean War, China set their eyes on Taiwan, which had separated from the communist controlled mainland China years earlier
China began attacking two of the other small island owned by the Nationalists that had fled there

10. The Taiwan Crisis
Ike viewed Taiwan as part of an “anti-Communist barrier” in Asia and wanted to help them, that and he had to help them based on the Truman Doctrine
Once China began its’ attack, Ike got Congress to authorize him to use the US Navy to defend Taiwan, and he also mentioned to the Chinese that he would use nuclear weapons to stop any invasion, China soon backed down…

11. The Suez Crisis
The US’s stance in the Middle East was to just prevent the Arab nations from aligning with the Soviets
To help get some support and friendship in the regions, Dulles offered to help Egypt build a large dam along the Nile River
It was a great idea, but Congress would not approve the spending to help Egypt because Egypt had bought weapons off of Communist Czechoslovakia, and then Dulles had to withdraw his offer which upset Egypt

12. The Suez Crisis
Just one week later, Egyptian troops took over the Suez Canal and were their plan was to make enough money off the fee for using the canal to pay for their own dam
The canal had been owned by an Anglo-French company
Britain and France then sent troops to Egypt, and that was when things started to get crazy

14. The Soviet Response
Russia then threatened France and Britain with rocket attacks to support Egypt, and they even offered to send troops to help
Ike was very angry with France and Britain for invading without talking to the US first
Ike put the US nuclear forces on high alert and he was fully prepared to retaliate if the Soviets attack Britain or France
The US eventually convinced France and Britain to call off their invasion

15. The Result…
This was a huge political/image victory for the Soviets because they came to the aid of an Arab Nation successfully, and soon after this many Arab Nations began accepting aid from Russia

16. The US in the Middle East
We had became very dependent on oil from the Middle East, which forced us to be more interested in the area, so Russia getting their foot in the door was bad
The US also helped establish the country of Israel as a Jewish homeland after WW2

17. Covert Operations
Ike knew that his policy of brinkmanship would not work every time, and for all the others he wanted to us the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
The countries that this usually took place in were poor and under developed countries with farm based economies that blamed the US and old European Imperialism for their problems

18. Covert Operations
These poor countries looked to the Soviet Union as a way to develop their countries into industrial economies
Ike used the CIA as a way to sneak in and replace the anti-American leaders with pro-American ones, or to help finance revolutions

20. Ike and Iran
Iran’s prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh, took control of American and British owned oil operations in Iran in 1953
Ike feared an alliance/oil deal between Russia and Iran which would further complicate things for Western nations and their oil supplies

21. Ike and Iran
Ike authorized the support and finance of a revolution in Iran by the CIA
The US supported the Shah (Iran’s version of king) and the US lead revolution resulted in the Shah taking power in Iran
Soon after the Shah took power, Iran signed an agreement giving France, Great Britain, and the US access to Iranian oil production

22. Ike and Guatemala
Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (man in charge of the Guatemalan government) took control of American property in the fruit business
The US also found out that Guatemala was receiving weapons from communist nations

23. Ike and Guatemala
Ike then financed a coup to protect US business and interests in Central America, it also prevented communism from getting a foothold in the area
It sent a strong message to other countries in the area, and further solidified the US policy of containment

24. Coup - sudden, illegal overthrowing of a government by a part of the state establishment — usually the military — to replace the executive branch of the stricken government, either with another civil government or with a military government

25. Trouble in Eastern Europe
Stalin died in 1953, and by 1956 Nikita Khrushchev came out on top as the leader of the Soviet Union
That same year Khrushchev gave a secret speech that criticized Stalin and emphasized different ways for Russia to build a communist society

26. Trouble in Eastern Europe
The CIA got a copy of the speech and had it broadcasted in Eastern Europe
This upset many of the nations and it made them further despise the Soviets and communism
Hungary broke out into revolution, and Russia sent in troops and tanks to brutally crush the rebellion

27. The Eisenhower Doctrine
After the Suez “incident,” Russia offered more and more help to countries like Egypt in the Middle East, and then the idea started that all Arab Nations should unite into one country
Ike got worried and asked congress for the ability to use the US Military to defend any Middle Eastern nations against communism
Congress gave him this power and it became known as the Eisenhower Doctrine

28. The Eisenhower Doctrine
One year later Ike got to use it
Ike feared that Egypt and Russia would start a revolution in Lebanon (like the US did in Iran and Guatemala) after rebels took over Iraq
Ike sent US troops to Lebanon to ensure that the nation remained stable and out of Russian control (just in our control)

29. Sputnik
In 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik, it was the first manmade object to orbit the Earth
Khrushchev started off saying that communism and capitalism could coexist, but after Sputnik he became very confident and then stated that communism would over take capitalism

30. Brinkmanship Works Again!!!
Later that year, Khrushchev demanded that he US withdraw from West Berlin
Dulles denied Khrushchev’s request and said that if we were threatened in Berlin, NATO would respond with military force
Khrushchev backed down, and the US forces remained

31. Ike and Khrushchev
In 1959, Ike invited Khrushchev to the US, and after the success of their meeting, they set up a summit in Paris to cover important issues
Before the summit began in 1960, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down
Ike lied and said it was a weather plane off course, and then Khrushchev said he had the pilot: Francis Powers

32. U-2
NOT

33. Ike and Khrushchev
Khrushchev then called off the summit in Paris because of the spy plane incident, and the US and Soviet tensions continued

34. Ike on his way out…
When Ike delivered his farewell address after 8 years as president, he had one memorable warning, and that was about the threat of the military-industrial complex (the relation between companies, politicians, and the military when it comes to proving the military with supplies and weapons)

35. Ike on his way out…
Ike’s last message was that he regretted leaving the presidency without establishing a “lasting peace”
Ike knew that the Cold War was nowhere near being over, and the US – Soviet chess game would continue