1. CELL BIOLOGY (C)-2016 National Bio Rules Committee Chairman
KAREN LANCOUR
National Bio Rules
Committee Chairman

2. Event Rules – 2016 DISCLAIMER
This presentation was prepared using draft rules.  There may be some changes in the final copy of the rules.  The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.

3. Event Rules – 2016
BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2016 EVENT RULES FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVEL

4. TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point – content overview
Training Handout - content information
Practice Activities - sample stations with key
Sample Tournament – sample problems with key
Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event needs, and scoring tips
Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the Science Olympiad website at under Event Information
Biology-Earth Science CD, Cell Biology CD (updated 2015) in Science Olympiad Store at

5. GAME PLAN POWERPOINT FOR OVERVIEW
HANDOUT FOR DETAIL OF INFORMATION NEEDED
INTERNET RESOURCES AND CD FOR MORE HELP
PRACTICE ACTIVITIES TO MASTER SKILLS
SAMPLE COMPETITION UNDER TIMED CONDITIONS TO EXPERIENCE COMPETITION SITUATION
OLD COMPETITIONS AND INVITATIONALS

6. Student Preparation Team work skills Time limits Answering questions
Measurement and Calculations
Reference materials
Review basic principles of cell biology
Construct sample stations

7. Cell Biology (C) Competition – topics chart
Process Skills - observations, inferences, predictions, data analysis, and calculations
Event Parameters – be sure to check the rules for resources allowed and safety goggles required.

8. Topics - Regional and State
Biological monomers and polymers
Cellular homeostasis (pH, osmolarity etc.)
Enzymes and inhibition
Cell organelles/structures and their functions
Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Bioenergetics
Membrane structure and function including lipid rafts, transport
Vesicle formation, fusion
Nucleotide triphosphates in energetics and signaling
Cell cycle and mitosis, role of cyclins and kinases
Chromosome structure
Fermentation products and uses

9. Topics – Nationals All topics from state and regional plus:
Cell communication, membrane receptors, and signal transduction
Apoptosis and cancer
Cell cytoskeleton and intracellular trafficking
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Host/virus interactions
C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM plants
Protein folding and related diseases
Cancerous vs. healthy cells
Genomics and medicine/human health
Bioethics relating to above topics

10. Characteristics of a Cell
Contain highly organized molecular and biochemical systems and are used to store information
Use energy
Capable of movement
Sense environmental changes
Can duplicate (transfer genetic information to offspring)
Capable of self-regulation

11. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic – single cell with nuclear material but no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic – most cells – with organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles

12. REGIONS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
Surface of the cell – protection, communication, movement
Cytoplasm – machinery of cell
Nucleus – control center

13. Animal Cell – “ Compare to a factory”
Know the function of cell organelles

14. Plant Cell – Special Features
Cell wall – protection and support
Chloroplast - for photosynthesis
Large central vacuole-
for storage and increase surface area

15. Organelles – “factory components with function”
Support - Cell wall , cell membrane cytoskeleton, microtubles
Controls material entering and leaving - Cell membrane, pores
Internal transport system – Endoplasmic reticulum
Powerhouse - mitochondria
Control center – nucleus, organelle DNA for mitochondria and chloroplast
Production of key products – ribosomes, endoplastic reticulum, chloroplasts
Packaging center for shipment of products – Golgi Apparatus, ER
Shipment of materials out of cell - Golgi Apparatus, vesicles
Storage of liquids and solids – Vacuole, vesicles, plastids,
Recycling center – Lysosomes and perixosomes
Convert light energy to chemical energy - chloroplasts
Allows new cell factories to be produced – nuclear DNA, centrioles, cell wall

16. Cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments are more permanent than microtubules and microfilaments- they provide tensile strength for the cell
Microtubules-composed of tubulin - act as a scaffold to determine cell shape, and provide a set of "tracks" for cell organelles and vesicles to move on. Microtubules also form the spindle fibers for separating chromosomes during mitosis. When arranged in geometric patterns inside flagella and cilia, they are used for locomotion.
Microfilaments-composed of actin - Microfilaments' association with the protein myosin is responsible for muscle contraction. Microfilaments can also carry out cellular movements including gliding, contraction, and cytokinesis.

17. Nucleus Nuclear envelope – double membrane chromatin – DNA RNA
nucleolus – Ribosome sub-units

18. Chromosome Structure
Nuclesosomes – Core of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins plus linker DNA
Solenoid – coiling of nucleosomes like phone cord
c. Chromatin fiber – series of nucleosomes
d. Metaphase chromosomes

19. Cell Membrane
Composition: mainly protein and phospholipid; some proteins extend thru membrane
Protein function: receptors, transport in and out of cells, structure
Lipids in membrane can move laterally at about 2um/sec
Saturated fatty acids in P-lipids make membrane more rigid; unsaturated fatty acids will increase the fluidity of membrane.
Note: As temp drops, organisms put more unsaturated fatty acids in membrane

20. Lipid Rafts
Fluid Mosaic Model – protein icebergs floating in a sea of phospholipids
Lipid rafts – not random but with structure in lipid rafts – function in signaling

21. Membrane Proteins

22. Movement Across Membranes
Diffusion: molecules moving from high to low concentration; concentration = #molecules/volume
Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selective membrane; amount of water is opposite of number molecules-if water is high, solute (molecules) is low.
Facilitative diffusion: just like diffusion (high to low) but a protein carrier is involved Note: diffusion will continue but rate of transport with carrier will level off because carrier becomes saturated

23. Osmosis
Hypertonic - high solute concentration relative to another solution
Hypotonic - low solute concentration relative to another solution
Isotonic - solute concentration is the same as that of another solution

24. Plant Cells – Turgor Pressure and Plasmolysis

25. Animal Cells – in different solutions

26. Passive Transport – no energy used

27. Active Transport – uses energy

28. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

30. Monomers and Polymers simple sugar (monosaccharide) polysaccharide
example
Reagents
simple sugar
(monosaccharide)
polysaccharide
starch, cellulose,
glycogen (animal)
Benedicts-glucose
Iodine-starch
amino acid
protein, polypeptide
hair, enzyme,
hemoglobin, insulin
Ninhydrin,
Biuret
nucleotide
nucleic acid
DNA, RNA
methyl green
fatty acid/glycerol
fat or tri glyceride
cooking oil, butter
grease test with
brown paper

31. Chemical Interactions

32. pH Hydrogen ion concentration Liquid may be acid, base or neutral
7 is neutral
Below 7 is acidic
Above 7 is basic
Logarithmic
Buffers in cells

33. Acids and Bases
Acid-a substance that can take up an electron pair to form a covalent bond
Base-a substance that can donate an electron pair to form a covalent bond
Condensation reaction-when two molecules are combined into one molecule with the release of one water molecule A + B == C + H2O Ex: 2 amino acids are joined together to form a dipeptide molecule
Hydrolysis reaction-when one molecule is broken into two molecules with the addition of water molecule C + H2O == A + B Ex: disaccharide maltose + water == 2 glucose molecules

34. Enzymes Catalysts Made of Protein May have non-protein parts
Lower Activation Energy
Not changed during reaction
Enzyme-substrate complex
Inhibition
Competitive - binding at active site
Noncompetitive-binding at a site other than the active site

35. Enzymatic Mechanisms
Enzymes bring reacting molecules into close proximity
Enzymes orient reactants into positions to induce favorable interactions
Enzymes alter the chemical environment of the reactants to promote interaction

36. Importance of ATP Energy storage chemical for cell processes
Most of ATP is produced via electron transport chain
Main reason that cells need oxygen: to allow them to make lots of ATP
Involved in both photosynthesis and respiration

37. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis – Trapping of sunlight energy followed by its conversion to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH, or both) and then synthesis into sugar phosphates which convert into sucrose, cellulose, starch, and other end products. It is the main pathway by which energy and carbon enter the food webs.

38. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Two major parts of photosynthesis
Light reactions: (Photolysis) conversion of light energy into ATP and NADPH
Dark reactions: Calvin Cycle (the thermochemical stage) use of energy (ATP & NADPH) to form carbohydrates
Purpose of photosynthesis
Main biosynthetic pathway by which carbon and energy enter the web of life
Where it occurs – in the Chloroplast
Light reactions - granum (several thylakoids) and thylakoid membranes
Dark reactions - stroma

39. Light-Dependent Reactions
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation (Photosystem II-P680 and then Photosystem I – P680) - long pathway - Occurs in eukaryotic plants – algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, & flowering plants
Oxygen and NADP are generated
Cyclic photophosphorylation – (Photosystem I –P700) – short pathway
Occurs in prokaryotes (Cyanobacteria) with electrons being used over and over again
No oxygen or NADP are generated

40. Electron Transport Chain

41. Dark Reactions (light-independent reactions)
C3 cycle - Calvin cycle (Calvin-Benson cycle)
Major metabolic pathway by which CO2 is fixed during photosynthesis – about 95% of plants on earth are C3 plants
Also known as the carbon fixation stage, this part of the photosynthetic process occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Major purpose - use energy from light reactions to fix CO2 into organic molecules

42. Cell Respiration
Cellular Respiration - Organic substances are broken down to simpler products with the release of energy which is incorporated into special energy-carrying molecules (ATP) and is eventually used for metabolic processes. All cells carry on some form of cellular respiration. Most plants and animals require oxygen.
NOTE: The amount of NET ATP production varies from cell to cell.

43. Glycolysis

44. Fermentations
Alcholic Fermentation - Certain types of bacteria and yeast - Ethanol - 2 ATP (no NADH)
Lactic Acid Fermentation - certain types of bacteria and overworked muscles
Lactic acid is found in yogurt, sauerkraut, and overworked muscles
2 ATP (no NADH) ... intense muscle activity (little O2 available)

45. Fermentation Products and their Uses
Carbon dioxide – bread making
Alcohol – wine making and brewing
Lactic Acid – lactic acid bacteria ferment milk into products as yogurt

46. Kreb Cycle – Citric Acid Cycle

47. Electron Transport Oxidative Phosphorylation

48. Cell Cycle G1 Phase – high rate of biosynthesis and growth
S Phase – DNA content doubles and chromosomes replicate
G2 Phase - final preparations for Mitosis
M Phase – Mitosis and Cytokinesis

49. Mitosis
Prophase – chromatid pairs coil up, spindle forms, nuclear membrane dissolves, chromatid pairs attach to spindle fibers (microtubules)
Metaphase – chromatid pairs move to the equator, chromatid pairs align at the equator
Anaphase – chromatids separate into individual chromosomes, chromosomes are pulled apart toward the equator by the spindle fibers (microtubules)
Telophase - chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves, nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm to make two new cells

50. Control of Cell Cycle

51. Cancer & Stem Cells
Cancer is a disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth
Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that control the growth of most cells
Cancer cells divide uncontrollably
They form masses of cells called tumors, which can damage surrounding tissues
Cancer cells do not stop growing when they touch other cells
They continue to grow and divide until their supply of nutrients is used up
These cells may break loose from tumors and spread throughout the body
Stem Cells are unspecialized that have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell
They are found in human embryos, umbilical cord blood and some adult cells
They are used to repair injuries as brain and spinal cord, cure some diseases as diabetes,
and replace organs as liver tissue and heart valves

52. Death of Cells – by injurious agents or by being induced to commit suicide
Apoptosis - A form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area
Necrosis - The uncontrolled cell death that occurs as a response to lethal injury leading to a severe physical damage in the cell as well as the tissue containing it

53. Structure of Viruses Non-cellular infectious agent
Composed of DNA or RNA and a protein coat
Replicates only after its genetic material enters a host cell
Subverts the host’s metabolic machinery

54. Viral Reproduction