1. Events Leading to The Civil War

2. Four Factors of Division
Economic Interests
Westward Expansion
Slavery
Debates over the nature of the Union

3. Slavery and States’ Rights
Trying to work out issues led to a series of crises and compromises
Admission of new states – crisis
Would it be admitted as “free” or “slave” state?
Failure to settle these differences will lead to Civil War

4. United States Divided Economically
The Northern states became increasingly industrial - based on manufacturing. They favored high protective tariffs to protect Northern manufacturers from foreign competition.
However, these tariffs are so high, that Americans cannot, for the most part, afford to buy foreign, imported goods.

5. United States Divided Economically
The Southern - agricultural economy based on farming and slave labor on plantations in the lowlands along the Atlantic and in the Deep South, and small subsistence farmers in the foothills and valleys of the Appalachian Mountains.
The South strongly opposed high protective tariffs, which raised the price of imported manufactured goods.
These divisions so great that by 1830, many began to identify more with their region or state than the nation as a whole.

6. Balance of Power Escalation of Tensions
30 years before the Civil War
Crises often related to the number of “Free” versus “Slave” states because of balance of power this would give in Congress between the North and South
As we move West, becomes more of a crisis
Abolitionist movement grows in the North after 1830

7. Slavery and States’ Rights
The abolitionist (wanted to end slavery) movement grew in the North, led by William Lloyd Garrison, editor of The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper, and many New England religious leaders, who saw slavery as a violation of Christian principles.
Garrison declared, "I am in earnest - I will not equivocate - I will not excuse - I will not retreat a single inch - AND I WILL BE HEARD."

8. The Abolitionist Movement
Harriet Beecher Stowe, wife of a New England clergyman, wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which showed the cruelties of slavery
Best-selling novel that caused many Northerners to join the anti-slavery cause.
Abolitionists received a positive response in the North
Southerners were frightened by the growing strength of the
abolitionist movement and
threat of slave rebellions

9. The Underground Railroad
Network of roads and safe houses used to bring fugitive slaves out of the South and into the North.
Harriet Tubman was famous for her work with the Underground Railroad.

10. Gabriel’s Rebellion and Nat Turner’s Rebellion (Virginia)
Gabriel Prosser
Virginia Slave
Planned Rebellion in Richmond, Virginia
Prosser and 34 other slaves killed after their plot was uncovered

11. Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831
Turner, a slave in Southampton County, Virginia, claiming divine inspiration, armed recruits with axes and clubs and traveled through the county, killing 55 whites in his attempt to lead Virginia slaves into freedom.
Slave owners in Virginia crushed Nat Turner’s Rebellion, killing Turner and more than 100 of his slave-recruits. The largest and bloodiest slave revolt in the South

12. Effects of Rebellions
Increased white southerner’s fears of slave rebellions
Southern state legislatures pass stricter slave codes (the laws that governed lives of African-American slaves)
After rebellions, those
Southerners who did
harbor anti-slavery
feelings became silent

13. Missouri Compromise Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise (1820)
North and South argued about whether new states would allow slavery
Admission of states could change the balance of power in Congress
Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise (1820)
Missouri admitted as slave state, Maine as free state - Equal at 12 free, 12 slave states – Senate Equal
Drew an east-west line through the Louisiana Territory at 36° 30’ with states north of the line free and south of the line, slave, except that slavery was allowed in Missouri, north of the line.

14. So….
After the Missouri Compromise, it was important for Congress to keep number of slave and free states even
As long as this was true, US Senate remained evenly divided between slave South and free North.

15. But then, there’s California
1849, the Gold Rush occurs in California when gold is discovered
Thousands move to California
California asks to be admitted to the union as a free state.
Threatens balance between free and slave states. Again.

16. Henry Clay – “The Great Compromiser”
Proposed
Compromise of 1850
Missouri Compromise
1833 Tariff Compromise
California to become a state. Congress almost rejected California's constitution in Southerners argued that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 should be extended to divide California in half. They would have allowed slavery in the southern region. But the southerners finally agreed to admit California as a part of a deal worked out by Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.

17. Four Part Deal – Compromise of 1850
California entered as a free state
New Mexico and Utah territories created with *popular sovereignty provision
Abolished the slave trade, but not slavery itself in Washington, DC
Stricter *Fugitive Slave law
*Popular sovereignty – Under this provision, each territory would decide if they would allow slavery in their territory
*Tougher fugitive slave laws – easier for owners and slave catchers to capture and return fugitive slaves

18. Fugitive Slave Law
Northerners HATED the new, tougher Fugitive Slave Law
It returned runaway slaves from the free North to the slave South
It pitted Southern slave owners against outraged Northerners who held opposite views of the fugitive slave law

19. Kansas-Nebraska Bill Bill Proposed by Senator Stephen Douglas
Became a Law/Act when passed in 1854
Did 3 Things
Created two territories – Kansas and Nebraska
Said popular sovereignty would decide the issue of slavery in these territories
Repealed (do away with) the Missouri Compromise because both were NORTH of the line

20. Kansas-Nebraska Act
Northern abolitionists felt this betrayed the Missouri Compromise’s promise of no slavery north of the line
This law produced bloody fighting broke out in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces battled each other.
Referred to as Bleeding Kansas
It also led to the birth of the modern Republican Party to oppose the spread of slavery into the Western Territories.
The Kansas turmoil led to open warfare after John Brown sought revenge for the "sack of Lawrence" by murdering five pro-slavery settlers in cold blood at Pottawatomie Creek in May, In retaliation against Brown's raid, the proslavery forces killed five free-soilers.

21. Dred Scott v. Sanford
Supreme Court rules Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Enraged Northerners – overturns all previous efforts to limit slavery in western territories
Dred Scott, shown with Harriet Scott, his wife, brought suit against Scott's former owner who had taken him from Missouri into the Wisconsin Territory where slavery was prohibited. Taney's Supreme Court held that slaves such as Dred Scott were not citizens; despite the fact that such a ruling meant he had no status to sue, Taney then proceeded to argue that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it restricted the property rights of slave owners.

22. Slavery and States’ Rights
Hatred in the North of the Fugitive Slave Act (part of Compromise of 1850):
Act states Slaves who escaped to Northern states should be forcibly returned to their owners in the South.
This and the North’s opposition to the spread of slavery frightened Southerners
A handbill dated April 24, 1851, warning the "Colored People" of Boston to beware of infringement of their freedoms by the fugitive slave law.

23. Southern Belief - States’ Rights
Southerners argued that individual states could nullify laws passed by the Congress.
John C. Calhoun had put forth the idea of “Nullification” in 1832 in response to the Tariff of Abominations

24. States’ Rights
They also began to insist that states had entered the Union freely and could leave (“secede”) freely if they chose. (Secede means to withdraw from or leave the Union)
Senator Daniel Webster responded in the Senate that Calhoun's theory of nullification would destroy the Union, saying "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable“. Webster and Clay worked out the Compromise of 1850.

25. Slavery and States’ Rights
Lincoln warned, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” The nation could not continue half-free, half-slave. The issue must be resolved.
Abraham Lincoln, who had joined the new Republican Party, and Stephen Douglas, a Northern Democrat, conducted numerous debates when running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois in Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery into new states; Douglas stood for “popular sovereignty.” Lincoln lost the election, but set the stage for Presidential election of 1860

26. Election of 1860 Northerners supported Lincoln
Southern vote was split between two candidates: Stephen Douglas and John Breckenridge
Lincoln won the election
South Carolina seceded from the Union