1. The French Revolution

2. I. Prelude to Revolution The Ancien Regime

3. A. Louis XIV, “L’etat, c’est moi”

4. 1. Absolutism A. attempt to control both peasants and nobles B. Versailles

5. C. Intendants - professionalize bureacracy D. Repeal of the Edict of Nantes E. By the time of Louis’ death in 1715, France the most powerful state in Europe

6. B. Fatal Flaws in the Ancien Regime 1. Church lands and most nobility exempt from taxes 2. Louis XV 3. “I have loved war too much” 4. Economic growth stagnant - loss of empire

7. C. Louis XVI, wrong man, wrong job 1. Distance from his people

8. 2. Relied on Parlements 3. Out of desperation, Louis calls the Estates- General (3 estates) clergy, nobility, commoners

9. II. First Stage of the Revolution, 1789-1792

10. A. Meeting of the Estates- General, 1789 1. Commoners (even women) play part in national politics 2. Commoners given 2x representation 3. Determination to write a Constitution “Liberty” - Lockian, American influence

11. B. Third Estate becomes National Assembly 1. Sieyes and Mirabeau hold separate meetings “Tennis Court Oath” June 1789

12. 2. The Revolution begins! - King sends in troops to disband the National Assembly “Storming of the Bastille” July 14, 1789

13. 3. National Guard 4. Peasant revolt 5. Women march on Versailles October 1789 Lafayette intensive revolution

14. C. French Constitution of 1791 1. Constitutional monarchy - the people are the basis of government 2. Church cedes property to state 3. Civil rights guaranteed to minorities - religious tolerance; ban on slavery

15. 4. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen -Sovereignty resides in the Nation (people) -All citizens are equal before the law - Embodiment of the Enlightenment

16. D. Doom of the Moderates 1. Emigrés, counter-revolutionaries, & war 2. The Church v. the Revolution 3. Louis’ loss of faith - attempts to flee in June 1791

17. Compare w/ US Revolution Liberty v. Equality How do you make people equal?

18. III. 2nd Stage of the Revolution, 1792-1795 How far should the Revolution go?

19. A. From Liberty to Equality 1.Sans-culottes Aug. 1792 – the Tuileries Palace - anti-monarchy, anti-bourgeoisie - universal manhood suffrage - decentralized power

20. 2. Sept. 1792 – National Convention replaces National Assembly - the First Republic - Louis XVI put on trial The Death of the King Jan. 1793

21. 3. Political factions Girondins – moderates 1792 – 1 st War of Coalition June 1793 – “Prisoners of the Revolution”

22. Jacobins – moderates - mob politics - fear of counter-revolutionaries Robespierre Radical Social Contract - Individual will/rights irrelevant to the nation

23. B. Reign of Terror, 1793-94 1.July 1793 – Committee of Public Safety “Terror is the order of the day”

24. 300K dead 2. Revolution without end

25. 3. Gender Revolution? Mary Wollstonecraft – Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792 Olympe de Gouges - Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen Rousseau, Robespierre - women and the nation

26. 4. The Thermidorian Reaction Summer 1794 -Fall of Robespierre/Jacobins -Counter-revolution -Democracy fails Death of Marat - David

27. IV. Third Stage of the Revolution 1795-99 War, Dictatorship and the Spread of the Spread of the Revolution to Europe

28. A. Rise of the Bourgeoisie 1. Class conflict and revolution - the French dilemma 2. Centralized power – The Directory 3. End to economic revolution - “Conspiracy of the Equals”

29. B. Europe reacts to the Revolution, 1790s 1.Austria, Prussia: Declaration of Pillnitz, 1791 1793-97, First War of Coalition 2. Levée en masse (1793) - precursor to modern war - “participatory democracy” 3. Save the Revolution - expand it

30. 4. Great Britain suspends civil rights, 1792 (U.S. Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798 ) 5. Russia, Prussia expand their borders 6. Growth of German nationalism

31. V. Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769- 1821

32. A. Revolution and Opportunity 1.1795, “whiff of grapeshot” 2.2 nd War of Coalition, 1798-1800 Italy & Egypt

33. B. 1 st Modern Dictator 1.First Consul of the Triumvirate - weakened radicals on Left and Right - protected property - balanced budget - improved relationship with Church 2.1802 plebiscite - charade or extension of the Revolution?

34. 3. 1804, Napoleon declares himself Emperor - tax reform & public education - central banking system - aristocracy of merit - support scientific/technological innovation Code Napoleon, 1804 a. Equality before the law b. freedom of religion c. separation of church and state d. protected interests of rising middle class (bourgeois)

35. 4. 1803-1815, continuous warfare - Confederation of the Rhine -Puppet Spain -Spreads Revolution & nationalism

36. 5. Continental System (1806) - protect French industry - loss of overseas colonies (Toussaint L’Ouverture, Haiti, La. Purchase) - Battle of Trafalgar, 1805

37. C. Russia and the fall of the French Empire 1.Invasion of Russia (1812) 2. Russia prominent in European affairs 3. Exile, 1814

38. 4. Waterloo, 1815

39. D. End of the Revolution? 1. Made some gains of the Revolution permanent 2. Spread ideals of Revolution (1830, 1848) 3. Rise of nationalism

40. VI. Return to the status quo? 1. The Pax Britannica 1815-1914 2. Future implications liberalism v. authoritarianism industrialization nationalism