1. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

2. Understand the functions and disorders of the female reproductive system

3. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system
Essential questions
What are the functions of the female reproductive system?
What are some common disorders of the female reproductive system?
How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the female reproductive system?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the female reproductive system?
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

4. Functions of the female reproductive system
*Ovary
What is the function of the ovary? Produce female germ cells (ova) and the female sex hormones-estrogen and progesterone
How many chromosomes
are in an oocyte? 23
Did you know a female
will produce all of the oocytes
she will ever have five
months before she is born?
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

5. Functions of the female reproductive system
Uterus
What is the function of the uterus?
It expands to hold the growing fetus
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

6. Functions of the female reproductive system
Fallopian tubes
What is the function of the *Fallopian tubes (oviducts)? Serves as a passageway for the ova to the uterus each month; *fertilization usually occurs here
What are fimbriae and what is their function? Fringelike folds surrounding the ovary that “swoop” the ova into the fallopian tube
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

7. Functions of the female reproductive system
Cervix
What is the function of the cervix?
Allows flow of menstrual blood from the uterus into the vagina, allows entrance of sperm into the uterus, dilates to allow passage of menstruation
What instrument is used
to observe the cervix?
Colposcope

8. Functions of the female reproductive system
Vagina
Three functions:
1. Accomodates the penis during intercourse
2. Allows flow of blood during menstruation
3. Permits a baby to pass through the vaginal canal during the birth process
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

9. Functions of the female reproductive system
External genitalia (vulva)
Provide protection for the internal female reproductive organs
Contains the external organs of the reproductive area.
~Mons pubis-fat pad covered with hair; lies over the symphysis pubis
~Clitoris-located above the urethra, contains many nerve endings, provides sexual pleasure for the female
~Perineum-area between the vagina and the rectum

10. Functions of the female reproductive system
Mammary glands (breasts)
What is an accessory organ? Contributes to the function of another organ
What is the function of the breasts? Production of milk for the baby (prolactin stimulates the production of milk)
Areola-the darker area surrounding the nipple
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

11. Functions of the female reproductive system
Menstrual Cycle (*MENSTRUATION)-the normal periodic discharge of the endometrial lining of the uterus
Usually 28 days
Four stages
Follicle stage
Ovulation stage
Corpus luteum stage
Menstruation stage
*What is the first menstrual cycle called?
*Menarche
*Menopause “change of life” is when the period ends, usually between age of ; removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) can cause menopause to occur

12. Functions of the female reproductive system
Follicle stage
Usually lasts about 10 days
Follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormone is released by the pituitary
FSH stimulates the follicle and ovum to mature resulting in the release of estrogen and preparation of the uterine lining
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

13. Functions of the female reproductive system
Ovulation stage
The pituitary stops producing FSH and starts producing luteinizing hormone (LH)
At day 14 in the menstrual cycle, the follicle ruptures and the ovum is released (ovulation occurs)
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

14. Functions of the female reproductive system
*Corpus luteum stage “luteal stage”
*Secretes progesterone and continues to do so IF the egg is fertilized, preventing further ovulation and maintaining the uterine lining to support the pregnancy
Lasts about 14 days
Which hormone is secreted
by the implanted fertilized egg?
Progesterone
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

15. Functions of the female reproductive system
Menstruation stage
Final stage if fertilization of the ova has not taken place
Progesterone production stops
The uterine lining is broken down and discharged over the course of 3 to 6 days
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

16. Functions of the female reproductive system
Check your knowledge...
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

17. Disorders of the female reproductive system
*Breast cancer
The leading cause of death in women between the ages of 32 and 52
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Partial or full mastectomy
Lumpectomy
*Life saving measures
Monthly breast exams
*Mammogram
Ultrasound
Abnormal
Normal
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

18. Disorders of the female reproductive system
Self breast exam
Using a mirror, inspect your breasts with your arms at your sides
Look for any changes in contour, swelling, dimpling of skin, or appearance of the nipple.
Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly on your breast, checking the entire breast and armpit area.
There are three patterns you can use to examine your breast: the circular, the up-and-down, and the wedge patterns.
Gently squeeze the nipple of each breast and report any discharge to your doctor immediately.
Examine both breasts lying down. To examine the right breast, place a pillow under your right shoulder and place your right hand behind your head. Using the pads of your fingers, press firmly, checking the entire breast and armpit area. 1 4 2 5 3 6
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

19. Disorders of the female reproductive system
*Cervical Cancer
Major cause of cervical cancer:
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
How is it communicated?
Sexually transmitted
*Annual pap smears help with early detection of cervical cancer
of receiving the HPV vaccine?
What are the benefits
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

20. Disorders of the female reproductive system
*Endometriosis-endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus and there is no way for the menstrual blood to leave the body
*Symptoms: abdominal pain, pain during menstruation, pain during or after intercourse, excessive, heavy/irregular bleeding
*Side effects: Scar tissue, damage of reproductive organs, sterility
Treatment: Laparoscopic surgery and removal of tissue, hormonal meds to stop ovulation, anti-inflammatory meds; it usually goes away with menopause
Laparoscopy-insertion of a lighted Instrument into the abdominal cavity

21. Disorders of the female reproductive system
*Mastitis-inflammation of breast tissue
*Causes: A blocked milk duct or bacteria enters from the skin’s surface and/or baby’s mouth through a cracked nipple during breastfeeding
*Symptoms: breast is red, swollen and painful
Treament: Antibiotics
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

22. Disorders of the female reproductive system
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)-infections that occur in the reproductive organs and spread to the fallopian tubes and peritoneal cavity; may occur due to gonorrhea
What are some complications of PID?
Possible scarring of the fallopian tubes; infertility
How is PID treated?
Antibiotics, pain meds
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

23. Disorders of the female reproductive system
Polycystic ovarian syndrome-hormonal disorder in women during their reproductive years; enlarged ovaries with many cysts
Cause: Unknown
Symptoms: few periods, heavy/irregular bleeding, acne, depression, hair loss but hair growth on face, chest, back, stomach, weight gain
Treatment: Exercise, healthy diet, weight control, don’t smoke, meds to regulate hormones

24. Disorders of the female reproductive system
*Toxic shock syndrome-bacterial infection caused by a staphylococcus organism; can be caused by wearing or misusing super-absorbent tampons
*Symptoms-hypotension, abdominal tenderness, respiratory distress, renal failure
How is it treated?
Probably hospitalized to
receive antibiotics
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

25. Disorders of the female reproductive system
*Vaginal yeast infection-caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans when the environment of the vagina is altered and the vagina becomes less acidic; often follows use of antibiotics
How can it be prevented? Avoid tight fitting nonabsorbent under-wear, feminine hygiene spray, talc, perfumes, douching
How is it treated? Fungicidal agents (vaginal inserts/creams)
Not a sexually transmitted illness.
However, sexual partners may be infected
and need to be treated to prevent re-infection.

26. Relevance of nutrients to the female reproductive system
Did you know???
The female reproductive system plays a vital role in homeostasis
Help regulate hormonal balance and fetal development during pregnancy
Vitamin D-
prevents osteoporosis
Iron-
helps hemoglobin
deliver oxygen
Magnesium-
helps prevent heart disease,
diabetes, and colon cancer
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

27. Understand the functions and disorders of the male reproductive system

28. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system
Essential questions
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
What are some common disorders of the male reproductive system?
How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the male and female reproductive systems
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

29. Functions of the male reproductive system
Hormone production
What is the male sex hormone?
TESTOSTERONE
What does it do? Stimulates the growth and development of the male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics (deep voice, increased muscle mass, body hair)

30. Function of the male reproductive system
Define reproduction
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

31. Functions of the male reproductive system:
Sperm are produced in the testes
The testes contain:
Seminiferous tubules- this is where spermatogenesis (formation of sperm) occurs
Epididymis-help in the final development of sperm and store sperm
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

32. Functions of the male reproductive system
Sperm (spermatozoa, male gametes)
What is the function of the sperm? To fertilize a egg and transmit genetic information
How many sperm does the average male have?
100 million in 1mL of ejaculated fluid
How is this different from the female reproductive system?

33. Functions of the male reproductive system:
Discuss the functions of these structures:
Vas deferens-carries sperm out of the testes
Ejaculatory duct-discharge contents (sperm) into the urethra
What is their relevance to health and reproduction?
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

34. Functions of the male reproductive system:
*Seminal vesicles-produce secretions to nourish and protect the sperm on its journey up the female reproductive tract
What would happen if this was not working?
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

35. Functions of the male reproductive system:
*Urethra-serves the reproductive and urinary systems How does the urethra serve the reproductive system? Discharge of reproductive contents Connects with what structure of the urinary system? Urinary meatus to empty urine
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

36. Functions of the male reproductive system:
Prostate gland
*Function of the prostate gland-Produces a fluid that enhances sperm motility and assists with the expulsion of sperm.
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

37. Functions of the male reproductive system:
Bulbourethral glands
Also called Cowper’s gland
What is the function of the secretion produced by the bulbourethral glands? Add alkaline secretions to the semen
How is it important to reproduction?
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

38. Functions of the male reproductive system:
What is the reproductive function of the penis? When a male becomes aroused, nerve impulses cause the erectile tissue to engorge with blood which makes the erectile tissue increase in size and become firm; impulses are sent to the ejaculatory center and orgasm occurs; secretions are expelled into the urethra and engorgement subsides
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

39. Functions of the male reproductive system:
*Pathway of sperm from spermatogenesis to ejaculation:
Testes >> epididymis >> vas deferens >> ejaculatory duct >> urethra
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

40. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments
Cryptorchidism-one or both testicles fail to move into the scrotum before birth
Who will have this condition?
Babies
What are the risks if left untreated?
Infertility
What is the treatment? Surgery
Testes are formed in the abdomen in the embryo and then descend into the scrotum

41. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments
Epididymitis-infection of the epididymis
What are the most common causes epididymitis? STD’s, urinary tract infections, prostate infections, certain meds, tuberculosis, urine in the epididymis
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

42. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments Erectile Dysfunction
Aka: impotence
Failure of the penis to become rigid enough for intercourse to occur.
CAUSES:
Acute
Chronic
TREATMENT:
Lifestyle changes, therapy, implants, meds

43. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments
*Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)-enlarged prostate
Common *symptoms :dysuria and urinary retention
Who is most likely to develop BPH? Men in their 60’s and 70’s
How is it treated? Depends on symptoms, prostatectomy is the usual treatment
Is it cancer? NO
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

44. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments
Prostate cancer
What age group is most susceptible to prostate cancer? Males over 50
How is it treated? Prostatectomy, radiation, chemotherapy
What are the reproductive side effects to treatment?
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

45. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments
*Testicular cancer
What the risk factors for developing testicular cancer? Men 25-40, Cryptorchidism, family history, race, HIV
What are the most likely *symptoms? Painless lump, swelling, back pain, heavy feeling in abdomen, breast development

46. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments
Testicular self-examination
Testicular self-examination is an examination of the testicles. The testicles (also called the testes) are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. They are located in the scrotum under the penis.
Perform this test during or after a shower. This way, the scrotal skin is warm and relaxed. It's best to do the test while standing.
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

47. Disorders of the male reproductive system and their treatments
Testicular self-examination
1.Gently feel your scrotal sac to locate a testicle.
2.Hold the testicle with one hand while firmly but gently rolling the fingers of the other hand over the testicle to examine the entire surface.
3.Repeat the procedure with the other testicle.
You may perform a testicular self-exam every month if you have any of the following risk factors:
•Family history of testicular cancer
•Past testicular tumor
•Undescended testicle
•You are a teenager or young adult
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

48. Reproductive process: conception
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

49. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system
Reproductive process
Conception
-ZYGOTE-when the sperm and the egg unite
-pregnancy occurs
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

50. Reproductive process: fertilization
Discuss the process of conception.
Sperm (100 million) is deposited in the vagina (sperm live for a day or two, but it may take up to 2 weeks for them to degenerate); the sperm swim toward the ovum. One sperm penetrates the ovum and fertilizes the egg creating a zygote. All inherited traits are established at the time of fertilization.

51. Functions of the female reproductive system
Pregnancy
Define pregnancy: the period from conception to birth
What is the human gestational period? 9 months/40 weeks
Terms to remember:
Embryo
1-8 weeks
Fetus
9-40 weeks
Newborn
At birth

52. Reproductive process: fetal development
6-8 weeks
12-14 weeks
17-19 weeks
5-6 months
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

53. Functions of the female reproductive system
Labor
Dilation stage
The uterine smooth muscle begins to contract
Contractions move the fetus down the uterus and cause the cervix to dilate
The cervix is completely dilated at 10 centimeters
Which hormone stimulates
uterine contractions?
OXYTOCIN

54. Functions of the female reproductive system
Expulsion stage
The baby is actually delivered
Natural
Cesarean
What is an episiotomy?
Why might it be necessary?
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

55. Functions of the female reproductive system
Placental stage
The last stage of labor
Also known as afterbirth
Delivered due to final uterine contractions
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

56. Disorders of the female reproductive system
Ectopic pregnancy
What does ectopic mean?
What are some symptoms of ectopic pregnancy?
What is the most common treatment option?
What are the risk factors?
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

57. Disorders of the female reproductive system
Postpartum depression
New mothers often feel restless, anxious, fatigued and worthless
Some new moms worry they will hurt themselves or their babies
Unlike the "baby blues," postpartum depression does not go away quickly
Causes: No single cause, could be related to physical, emotional or lifestyle changes

58. Disorders of the female reproductive system
Infertility
Unable to become pregnant after a year of trying
If a woman keeps having spontaneous abortions, it is also called infertility
In Vitro
ZIFT
GIFT
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

59. Disorders of the male reproductive system Infertility
Failure for pregnancy to occur after one year of trying to conceive
Discuss the causes of infertility in the male. Abnormal production of sperm, cancer, age, alcohol, drugs, environmental factors
What are some treatment options?
Treat the cause X
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

60. Reproductive process: Female contraception
Abstinence
Sterilization
Tubal ligation
Barrier methods
Female condom
Spermicides
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Contraceptive sponge
Hormonal Methods
*Birth Control Pills-contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation
Depo-Provera
Lunelle
NuvaRing/Vaginal Ring
Ortho Evra Patch/Birth Control Patch
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

61. Reproductive process: male contraception
~Abstinence
~*Vasectomy-sterilization for the male; the vas deferens is severed
Vas / ectomy
Permanent
~Condoms
Compare the benefits and concerns with each form of male contraception.
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

62. Sexually transmitted infections (page 468-471)
Chlamydia
Genital warts
*Gonorrhea
Herpes
HIV
Syphilis
Trichomonas
Effects females and males.
May or may not present symptoms.
May or may not have a cure!
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

63. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system
Terms to know:
Amenorrhea-absence of the menstrual cycle
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)-group of symptoms that occur prior to menstruation
Dysmenorrhea-painful menstruation
Menorrhagia-abnormal, excessive, prolonged menstruation
Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)-unintentional loss of pregnancy
Elective abortion-planned termination of pregnancy
Papanicolaou (pap) smear-sample of cell scrapings is taken from the cervix for study under the microscope
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system

64. 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system
Essential questions
What are the functions of the female reproductive system?
What are some common disorders of the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
What are some common disorders of the male reproductive system?
How do the male and female reproductive system work together?
How do you relate the body’s hormone control to the male and female reproductive systems?
4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system