1. 10/8 AP Psych Class Announcements:
Test or vocab quiz make-up: Shaniya, Madeline, Brooklyn,
Aim: to discuss the functions of the nervous system categories, label the parts of the brain Do NOW: “The Science of Love” Turn in article HW: Bring Playdough!! Help class Wed after school

2. 10/11,14 AP Psych Class Announcements:
Test or vocab quiz make-up:
Aim: explain functions of various parts of the brain Do NOW: none Turn in article answers HW: practice questions Study for test Turn in ch 2 notecards

3. The Biology of Mind Chapter 2

4. Ways we Study the Brain Accidents Lesions EEG CAT Scan PET Scan MRI
Functional MRI

5. Accidents Phineas Gage Story Personality changed after the accident.
What does this tell us?
Answer: Different parts of the brain control different aspects of who we are!!!!!

6. Phrenology Early attempt to study the brain Franz Gall
He tried to “map” out the brain with corresponding personality traits.
They were identified by feel the bumps on your head

7. Lesions
Purposeful removal or destruction of some part of the brain.

8. Electroencephalogram
EEG machine
Detects brain waves through their electrical output.
Used mainly in sleep research.

9. Computerized Axial Tomography
CAT Scan
3D X-Ray of the brain.
Good for tumor locating, but tells us nothing about function.

10. CT example

11. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI
More detailed picture of brain using magnetic field to knock electrons off axis.
Takes many still pictures (slices)and turns images into a movie like production.
Does not study function!

12. MRI example
Notice the tumor…

13. Positron Emission Tomography or PET Scan
Measures how much of a chemical the brain is using (usually glucose consumption). Patient drinks a radioactive sugar which show up when certain parts of the brain are being used.
Good for studying function!!

14. PET scan
Depression

15. Functional MRI Combination of PET and MRI
fMRI is good for function, hence the f.

16. The Biology of Mind I. Neural Communication Neurons
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
II. The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
The Brain

17. Neural Communication
Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that humans and animals operate similarly when processing information.
Note the similarities in the above brain regions, which are all
engaged in information processing.

18. Neural and Hormonal Systems
Will Explain Why We FEEL……
Nervous
Strong
Sick
Pain

19. Neuroanatomy Synapse Synapse
Neurotransmitters (chemicals held in terminal buttons that travel through synaptic gap)

20. Parts of a Neuron Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron.
Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.
Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons.
Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons.

21. Parts of a neuron:

22. 1. Resting potential…… Draw the axon membrane at resting potential
Na+ (sodium) is outside the membrane
K+ (potassium) is inside the membrane too, but a mainly negative charge exists INSIDE the membrane.

23. Polarized
At resting potential, we say the cell is polarized, that is, the + and – charge are at opposite position (one is in the membrane, one is outside).

24. Gas vs. brake pedals of a car!!!!
2. Threshold
Threshold: Each neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory signals from many neurons. When the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential.
Gas vs. brake pedals of a car!!!!

25. 3. Action Potential 4. Depolarization
Action Potential-if threshold is reached, process of firing begins. Gates open and Na+ ions begin moving in and out of the axon
Depolarized- during action potential when the ions are moving in and out.

26. Action Potential
A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane.

27. 5. Refractory
Refractory period- for a short time (before the ions can return to original position) the neuron can’t fire again immediately
Ex: when you flush a toilet, you can’t flush again immediately

28. 6. Repolarize
The ions must go back to original position to be ready to fire again.
EX: This is like when the toilet bowl is filling up with water

29. The All-or None Response
The idea that either the neuron fires or it does not- no part way firing.
Again, you can’t “kinda” flush a toilet!!

30. Excitatory vs. inhibitory signals
Review
Put the following events in their proper order transmission to your “Study Buddy” :
Refractory
Depolarized
Resting potential
Action potential
repolarize
Threshold
Excitatory vs. inhibitory signals
polarized

31. How does the brain perceive intensity, like pain?
By the number of times the neuron fires!!!!!!
How does the process create an electrical charge?
The transfer of ions crossing the axon’s membrane causes an electrical charge.

32. Review: How does a Neuron fire?
1. Resting Potential: the neuron before it fires- is polarized
2. Threshold reached- more excitatory than inhibitory signals
3. action potential begins
4. axon is depolarized – ions move in and out
5. refractory/repolarization- reloading of ions- filling up the toliet bowl

33. So….how do nerve cells communicate?
Do nerve cell touch each other and send the electrical charge to each other?
How would they know what “message” to send?
No!! They do not touch!
They are separated by a tiny gap.
So…how does each cell communicate across a gap?

34. At the Synapse
Synapse [SIN-aps] a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.

35. They fill in receptor sites like keys to a key hole.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential.
They fill in receptor sites like keys to a key hole.

36. Lock & Key Mechanism
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.

37. Reuptake
Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action.

38. Reuptake demonstration
Neurotransmitters to know:
1.Dopamine
2. ACH
3. serotonin
4. endorphins
5. glutamate
6. GABA

39. What is an SSRI? Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa etc…..
These are anti-depressants that block the reuptake of serotonin, therefore, making sure the synapse is filled with serotonin

40. How is a neural transmission both an electrical and a chemical response?
Electrical- action potential create electricity
Chemical- at the synapse

41. 1. Acetylcholine (ACH) Deals with motor movement and memory.
Lack of ACh has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

42. 2. Serotonin It’s pathways are involved with mood sleep and hunger.
Too little: depression
Too much: mania
Preview Question 2: How do neurotransmitters affect our mood and behavior?
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press

43. 3. Dopamine Its function is: motor movement, pleasure and alertness.
Too little: dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
Too much : is associated with schizophrenia.

44. Norepinephine Chemically the same as adrenaline
Controls alertness and arousal
Too little: depression

45. 4. Endorphins Function deals with pain control.
We become addicted to endorphin causing feelings.

46. 5. GABA an inhibitory neurotransmitter
Too much: you become sedate, drowsy
Too little: anxiety

47. 6. Glutamate An excitatory neurotransmitter
Too much: MSG excites neurons, starting migraines
Too little: memory , concentration problems

48. Drugs can be….. Agonists- mimc and make neuron fire
Antagonists- stop neural firing
Reuptake Inhibitors- block reuptake

49. What are agonists and antagonists?
Agonists mimic neurotransmitters.
Ex: Morphine mimics endorphin.
Antagonists block neurotransmitters:
Ex: curare blocks ACh (paralyzes you)
Botox blocks ACh

50. Agonists

51. Antagonists

52. Types of Neurons
Sensory (afferent) Neurons- from senses to spinal cord
Interneurons from spinal cord to brain
Motor (efferent) Neurons-from brain back to muscles, glands

53. Neural Chain

54. What about a reflex? Sensory neuron motor neuron
Hit knee to spinal cord
motor neuron
There is no “inter neuron” involved!!!!!!

55. Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
Preview Question 3: What are the major divisions of the nervous system, and what are their basic functions?

56. The Nervous System

57. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)

58. Central Nervous System
The Brain and Neural Networks
Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience.
Complex Neural Network

59. The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System is the body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands.
Preview Question 4: How does the endocrine system-the body’s slower information system-transmit its messages?

60. Hormones
Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body.
For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and feelings of excitement during emergency situations.

61. Pituitary Gland
Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.

62. btw: norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal glands secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine :a.k.a adrenaline) during stressful and emotional situations
btw: norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone

63. Nervous System Practice Questions

64. Answers:
1. B 8. B
2. A 9. A
3. C 10. B
4. C E
5. B A
6. A B
7. B D

65. The Brain
Thanks to KAP at .

66. The Brain: Older Brain Structures
The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.
Preview Question 5: What are the functions of the brainstem and its associated structures?

67. Brainstem
The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing.

68. Pons Located just above the medulla.
Involved in facial expressions. (Pons = yawns)

69. Reticular Formation
controls arousal and ability to focus our attention.
Reticular = net (like
pantyhose); opens during day
Damage to it results in coma
If Destroyed

70. Thalamus Switchboard “relay station” of the brain.
Receives sensory signals from the spinal cord and sends them to other parts of the brain.
Receives info from every sense except smell.

71. Cerebellum Bottom rear of the brain. Means “little brain”
Coordinates fine muscle movements and balance.

72. The Limbic System

73. The Limbic System: our emotional center!!!!
The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex.

74. Hypothalamus Maybe most important structure in the brain!!!! Controls
Sleep
Eating, drinking
Pleasure, emotions
Body temperature
The most powerful structure in the brain.

75. Rat with an Implanted Electrode in pleasure center of Hypothalamus

76. Reward pathways

77. Hippocampus Involved in the processing and storage of memories.
Its proximity to your emotional centers explains why memories and emotions are so linked!

78. Amy G. Dala
Is a very emotional girl “Drama Queen”

79. Amygdala
Brain part involved in telling your body to produce norepinephrine (adrenaline)
More involved in volatile emotions like anger and jealousy.

80. What would happen to you if your limbic system were disconnected from you frontal lobe?
The Phineas Gage
Story

81. Cerebral Cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.
It’s what marks us different from animals!

82. Features of he Cerebral Cortex
Made up of densely packed neurons we call “gray matter”
Glial Cells: support brain cells.
Wrinkles are called fissures.
It’s divided into 2 hemispheres and 4 lobes!

83. The Cerebral Cortex is made up of four Lobes.

84. Frontal Lobe
Controls abstract thought, personality and emotional control and planning.
Developed frontal lobe = maturity!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Lobotomies damage this.

85. What is the motor cortex?
Part of the brain in the frontal lobe that tells my body how to move (like typing this).

86. What is the sensory cortex?
It’s the part that senses our 5 senses. It’s
In the parietal lobe.

87. What are Motor and Sensory Cortexes?
The wires are switched! Right controls left!
The motor cortex is in which lobe?

88. Parietal Lobes
Contain Sensory Cortex: receives incoming touch sensations from rest of the body.
Most of the Parietal Lobes are made up of Association Areas.

89. Occipital Lobes Think “optical”.
Contains Visual Cortex: interprets messages from our eyes into images we can understand.

90. Temporal Lobes Located in the thumb-shaped area
Process sound sensed by our ears.
Interpreted in Auditory Cortex.

91. Specialization and Integration in Language

92. Language
Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).

93. Language areas Broca’s – speech “He broca his tongue and can’t speak!”
Wenicke’s – allows you to understand what others are saying
“I don’t understand why Nick and Jessica broke up”
3. Angular Gyrus – allows to read in your head

94. Corpus Callosum
The “bridge” between the two hemispheres

97. The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences.
Plasticity
The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness.
“Practice makes perfect”- the more you practice a skill, the more the brain changes.

98. The hemispheres of the brain
Left Hemisphere: logic, sequential and language tasks .
Right Hemisphere: spatial, creative tasks and name recognition.

99. Video: Split brain patient
10 minutes

100. Review: Brain Parts
List all the parts of the brain you would be using for the following tasks:

101. Watching a horror movie

102. Driving a car

103. Arguing with someone by text message