1. Long-Chained Carbon Molecules and Basic Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry
Long-Chained Carbon Molecules
and
Basic Functional Groups

2. Standards
10. The bonding characteristics of carbon allow the formation of many different organic molecules of varied sizes, shapes, and chemical properties and provide the biochemical basis of life. As a basis for understanding this concept: 10. b. Students know the bonding characteristics of carbon that result in the formation of a large variety of structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules. 10. d.* Students know the system for naming the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers that contain single bonds, simple hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds, and simple molecules that contain a benzene ring. 10. e.* Students know how to identify the functional groups that form the basis of alcohols, ketones, ethers, amines, esters, aldehydes, and organic acids. 10. f.* Students know the R-group structure of amino acids and know how they combine to form the polypeptide backbone structure of proteins.

5. Lewis Dot Shorthand
Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H

6. Lewis Dot Shorthand OH C O H
Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H O OH

7. Lewis Dot Shorthand H Cl C Cl
Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H Cl Cl

8. Lewis Dot Shorthand
Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H

9. Lewis Dot Shorthand
Each corner (or endpoint) is a carbon atom. Carbon normally has 4 bonds.
Single bonds with hydrogen atoms are not shown they are implied. C H

10. Organic Chemistry Prefixes
How many Carbons does it have in a row? (the longest continual chain)
# of Carbons
Prefix 1
meth- 2
eth- 3
prop- 4
but- 5
pent-
# of Carbons
Prefix 6
hex- 7
hept- 8
oct- 9
non- 10
dec-

11. Alkanes
All hydrogen and carbons with only single bonds End with “-ane” suffix. C H 1
methane

12. Alkanes C H propane propane
All hydrogen and carbons with only single bonds End with “-ane” suffix. C H 2 2 1 1 3 3
propane
propane

13. Alkyl- Groups 3-methyl pentane
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons
Name 1
methyl 2
ethyl 3
propyl 4
butyl 5
pentyl 1 5 3 2 4
3-methyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

14. Alkyl- Groups 3-ethyl pentane
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons
Name 1
methyl 2
ethyl 3
propyl 4
butyl 5
pentyl 1 5 3 2 4
3-ethyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

15. Alkyl- Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons
Name 1
methyl 2
ethyl 3
propyl 4
butyl 5
pentyl 1 5 3 2 4
2-methyl 3-ethyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

16. Alkyl- Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons
Name 1
methyl 2
ethyl 3
propyl 4
butyl 5
pentyl 1 5 3 2 4
2, 3-dimethyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

17. Alkyl- Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain.
# of Carbons
Name 1
methyl 2
ethyl 3
propyl 4
butyl 5
pentyl 1 5 3 2 4
2, 3, 4-trimethyl pentane
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

18. Practice 5-propyl decane
Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens. H C
5-propyl decane

19. Practice 5-propyl decane
Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens. H C
5-propyl decane

20. Practice 5-propyl decane
Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens. H C
5-propyl decane

21. Practice 5-propyl decane
Color the longest continuous carbon chain (turning is okay, not splitting). Do not color the hydrogens.
Off #5 Carbon H C 10 9 8 6 7 5 4 3
3 carbons
on branch
= propyl 2
10 carbons
on main chain
= decane 1
5-propyl decane

22. Alkenes C H ethene ethene
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. C H 2 1 2 1
ethene
ethene

23. Alkenes H C 2-butene 2-butene
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. C H 2 4 2 4 1 3 3 1
2-butene
2-butene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

24. Alkenes H C 1-butene 1-butene
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. C H 2 4 2 4 1 3 1 3
1-butene
1-butene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

25. Alkenes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. 3 5 1 2 4 6
2, 4-hexadiene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

26. Alkenes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. 1 3 5 2 4 6
1, 3-hexadiene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

27. Alkenes with Alkyl Groups
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon double bonds. End with “-ene” suffix. 1 3 5 2 4 6
2-methyl 1, 3-hexadiene
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

28. Alkynes C H ethyne ethyne
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon triple bonds. End with “-yne” suffix. 1 2 1 2 C H
ethyne
ethyne

29. Alkynes H C propyne propyne
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon triple bonds. End with “-yne” suffix. C H 1 2 1 2 3 3
propyne
propyne

30. Alkynes
All hydrogen and carbons with single bonds and some carbon-carbon triple bonds. End with “-yne” suffix. 5 3 2 4 1
1 - pentyne
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

31. Alkynes with Alkyl Groups
Sometimes there is an extra branch coming off of the main carbon chain. 5 3 2 4 1
3-methyl 1-pentyne
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

32. Alcohols HO C O 1-propanol H 1-propanol
Just like an alkane, except they have an –OH functional group hanging somewhere. End with “-anol” suffix. C H O 2 HO 2 1 3 1 3
1-propanol
1-propanol
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

33. Alcohols O HO C H 2-propanol 2-propanol
Just like an alkane, except they have an –OH functional group hanging somewhere. End with “-anol” suffix. C H O HO 2 1 3 2 1 3
2-propanol
2-propanol
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

34. Ketones O O C H acetone acetone
They have an =O functional group hanging somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain. End with “-anone” suffix. O C H O 2 2 1 3 1 3
acetone
acetone

35. Ketones
They have an =O functional group hanging somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain. End with “-anone” suffix. O 1 3 5 2 4
3-pentanone
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

36. Ketones
They have an =O functional group hanging somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain. End with “-anone” suffix. 1 3 5 2 4 O
2-pentanone
The number comes from the carbon (with the lowest number) that has the feature (aka functional group).

37. Aldehydes O O H H C propanal propanal
They have an =O functional group hanging at the end of the carbon chain. End with “-anal” suffix. O H C H O 1 3 1 3 2 2
propanal
propanal

38. R- Groups O O O C C C OH R’ R R H R carboxalic acid aldehyde ketone
R- Groups are a generic way of saying that there is some kind of larger carbon chain attached (even though we won’t specify what it is). R C OH O R C R’ O R C H O
carboxalic acid
aldehyde
ketone

40. He H B C N O Ne F Li Be P Al Si S Cl Ar Na Mg Br Kr K Ca I Xe

41. He H B C N O Ne F Li Be P Al Si S Cl Ar Na Mg Br Kr K Ca I Xe

43. 4 e– in valence shell

44. Organic Chemistry Prefixes
How many Carbons does it have in a row? (the longest continual chain)
# of Carbons
Prefix 1
meth- 6
hex- 2
eth- 7
hept- 3
prop- 8
oct- 4
but- 9
non- 5
pent- 10
dec-

45. Finish
How many Cs and Hs in benzene, show abbreviated hexagon. (only for alkanes?)
Number of carbon prefixes: 1-10 (done)
Meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non-, dec- (done)
Alkanes, alkene, alkynes, alcohols, ethers?, ketones, aldehydes, amino acids (nope?)
What do R groups stand for C H