1. BASE OIL + ADDITIVES
FINISHED LUBRICANT

2. BASE STOCKS
FINISHED LUBE OIL - A MIXTURE OF BASE STOCKS + ADDITIVE PACKAGE
BASE STOCKS/BASE OILS- MAINLY DERIVED FROM PETROLEUM THROUGH VARIOUS REFINING PROCESSES
CONVENTIONAL & MODERN

3. Physical Properties Chemical Properties Base Oil Properties
Viscosity Saturate Content
Viscosity Index Aromatic Content
Volatility Sulfur Content
Flash Point
Pour Point
Specific Gravity
BO4 1

4. BASE OILS 100 N 100 IO VG 12 150 N 150 T 500 IO 500 N 500 T VG 100
150 BS TURBINE OIL(L) IO
TURBINE OIL(M)

5. API CLASSIFICATION SATURATES SULFUR V.I.
GR < 90% > 0.03%
GR % & ABOVE <0.03%
GR % & ABOVE <0.03% OVER 120
GR PAO
GR OTHERS

6. OIL REFINING PROCESSES
CONVENTIONAL
DISTILLATION
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
FINISHING PROCESSES
DEWAXING.
MODERN
HYDROCRACKING
HYDRO-ISOMERIZATION
CATALYTIC DEWAXING.

8. ADDITIVES ANTI OXIDANTS
ANTI WEAR AGENTS
DETERGENTS
DISPERSANTS
DEFOAMERS
POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS
VI IMPROVERS
DEMULSIFIERS
EXTREME PRESSURE AGENTS
RUST INHIBITOR

9. LUBRICATION SURFACE ASPARITIES DRY FRICTION SURFACES IN DIRECT CONTACT
SURFACES IN RELATIVE MOTION
PRODUCES LOT OF HEAT
RESULTS IN MATERIAL WEAR
FLUID FRICTION
FLUID FILM SEPARATES THE SURFACES
ONLY FRICTION IS THAT OF THE FLUID
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION IS MUCH LESS THAN SOLID FRICTION

10. TYPES OF LUBRICATION HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
Cylindrical Journal Bearing
Main brg, Connecting rod brg of Automotoves
ELASTO HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
Ball Brg
BOUNDARY LUBRICATION
Gear Teeth
Valve Train

11. HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
THERE IS FLUID FILM BETWEEN THE SURFACES
RESISTANCE
FRITCTION BETWEEN THE FLUID & SOLID SURFACE
INTERNAL FLUID FRICTION OF THE LIQUID
EXAMPLE : MOST BERAINGS UNDER MODERATE LOAD AND SPEED CONDITIONS
FILM THICKNESS DEPENDS ON
SPEED
LOAD
VISCOSITY

12. (ELASTO) HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
CHARACTERISTICS
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF THE CONTACTING SURFACES
HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES TRYING TO KEEP THE SURFACES AWAY
LOAD / PRESSURE TRYING TO BREAK THE FILM AND DEFORM THE SURFACES
SURFACES ARE COMPLETELY SEPARATED BY THE FILM
CHARACTERISTIC OF EHD LUBRICATION IS LOAD & HYDRO DYNAMIC PRESSURE ARE IN EQUILIBRIUM

13. MIXED LUBRICATION
AS THE SPEED INCREASES, HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE INCREASES
FLUID IS THERE IN BETWEEN SURFACES BUT LOAD IS NOT CARRIED BY THE FILM
LOAD IS SHARED BY THE FLUID FILM AND THE ASPERITES (POINTS OF CONTACT)
CONDITION IN BETWEEN BOUNDARY AND EHD LUBRICATION
EXAMPLE : JOURNAL BEARINGS UNDER LOW SPEED AND HIGH LOAD

14. ROUGH COMPLIANT SURFACE
Protective Boundary Film Formation and Shear
ROUGH COMPLIANT SURFACE
ROUGH COMPLAINT
ROUGH COMPLAINT
SURF
SURF
ACE
ACE
LIQUID BOUNDRY
FILM
REAL
"CONTACT"
SMOOTH STIFF SURFACE
Surface-to-Surface Contact under Boundary Conditions
Protective Boundary Film Formation and Shear
CHEM5 95

15. CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
Based on:
GENERAL CATEGORIES
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
USERs SPECIFICATIONS
TYPE OF BASE OIL

16. SPECIFIC APPLICATION GENERAL CATEGORIES AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS
INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS
GREASES
SPECIALITY PRODUCTS
SPECIFIC APPLICATION
ENGINE OILS
TRANSMISSION
OILS
TURBINE OILS
HYDRAULIC OILS
COMPRESSOR OILS
REFRIGERATION OILS
SPINDLE OILS
CYLINDER OILS
GEAR OILS
TEXTILE OILS etc
WHEEL BEARING
CHASSIS
INDUSTRIAL
CUTTING FLUIDS
METAL ROLLING OILS
RUBBER PROCESS OILS
RUST PREVENTIVES
HEAT TRANFER FLUIDS
METAL DRAWING COMPOUNDS
QUENCHING OILS etc

17. PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS
VISCOSITY
SAE NUMBER(10W,20W,30,40 etc)
ISO VG NUMBER(100,150,220,320,460,680,1000 etc)
HARDNESS
NLGI NUMBER(2,3 etc)
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
API AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
MIL-L U. S MILITARY SPECS
BIS INDIAN STANDARDS
ACEA ASSN DES CONSTRUCTEURS EUROPEENS DE
JASO JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE STANDARDS ORG
AGMA AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSN

18. VISCOSITY VISCOSITY IS THE RESITANCE OF A FLUID TO FLOW
IT IS CAUSED BY INTERNAL FRICTION OF THE FLUID
ALL FLUIDS CAN BE CATEGORISED AS
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
VISCOSITY DOES NOT CHANGE WITH SHEAR OR RATE OF SHEAR
EXAMPLES : MINERAL BASE OILS, SYNTHETIC BASE OILS, MONOGRADE OILS ETC.
NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
VISCOSITY VARIES WITH RATE OF SHEAR OR SHEAR STRESS UNDER WHICH IT IS MEASURED
EXAMPLES : MULTIGRADE OILS

19. VISCOSITY VISCOSITY KINEMATIC VISCOSITY DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
RESISTANCE OF A FLUID TO FLOW UNDER GRAVITY
UNIT CENTISTOKE cSt, SUS, M2/S ETC
ALSO CALLED ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY
PRODUCT OF KIN VISC AND FLUID DENSITY
UNIT CENTIPOSE cP

22. Thank You