1. 18.3: New Civil Rights Issues Economic equality, poverty, and the rise of militant leadership

2. Urban Problems 1. de facto segregation – segregation by practice (it is a fact) 2. de jure segregation – segregation by law (the jury) 3. Whites did not want social and economic equality with AA 4. White flight – whites moving to suburbs 5. Low paying jobs/income 6. Low work positions 7. Poor neighborhoods: overcrowded, dirty, crime, drop out, single parenting 8. Hopes raised but nothing else =

3. Urban Violence a. Harlem, Watts, Chicago, Detroit…. b. Needed economic equality: opportunity in jobs, housing, and education

5. D. Kerner Commission 1. Committee appointed by Pres. Johnson to study causes of urban violence 2. Conclusion: racism against the AA community was the cause 3. Johnson ignores many recommendations due to white opposition

6. The Shift to Economic Rights The Chicago Movement MLK moves into AA neighborhood in Chicago Hoped to bring change in housing Led march through white neighborhood; met with resistance Mayor Daley - CPD to protect marchers New programs dev by bankers and realtors to promote open housing No real change

7. Cicero, Illinois

8. “Black Power” 2. Stokely Carmichael; head of SNCC a. Wanted only Blacks to fight “for the cause” (Kling) b. Emphasized Black pride

9. Malcolm “X” Little a. member of the Nation of Islam b. advocated armed self- defense & black nationalism c. received a lot of press/controversial d. Hajj/returns w/“Ballots or Bullets” theory e. Assassinated during speaking engagement

10. 3. Black Panthers a.Developed to fight police brutality in ghettos of Oakland, Ca. b.FYI… Organization greatly involved in community service

14. Mao Zedong-Black Panther Connection “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun.”

15. C. April 4, 1968 James Earl Ray assassinates MLK Violence erupts throughout the US/125 cities

16. E. Civil Rights Legacy * Civil Rights Act 1964; banned discrimination in public places and employment due to race etc. * Civil Rights Act 1968; banned discrimination in housing Ended de jure segregation School integration College enrollment increased Black pride AA curriculum Entertainers 2/3rds registered voters 7,000 elected officials * Affirmative action: making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered from discrimination in the past