1. Challenges and Changes Part III

2. Seeking Equality  De facto segregation-exists by practice and custom  Harder to fight  Difficult for whites to share economic and social power  De jure segregation- segregation by law.

3. Effects  White flight-whites moved to suburbs  African Americans trapped in slums, detoriating schools.  Unemployment increased  Led to anger, resentment impatience, and Violence

4. Urban Violence  Harlem-Race riots  Los Angeles-In Watts, police arrested a young man for driving drunk and argument began. (1965)  Riot lasted 6 days.  34 people died  Cost of 30 million dollars

7.  Whites were baffled!  Leaders realized they needed economic equality, opportunity in jobs, housing, and education  But Vietnam overshadowed Civil Rights!

8. Malcolm X  Advocated pride in the identity of African Americans  Preached whites were the cause of the conditions blacks were in and should separate themselves from the white society.  Armed self defense

9. Ballots vs. Bullets  Pilgrammage to Mecca changed his way of thinking.  “Well, if you and I don’t use a ballot, were going to be forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.”

10. Malcolm X  Feb. 21, 1965 was shot and killed.  He was 39 years old

11. Black Power  Stokey Carmichael of SNCC  SNCC & CORE members becoming militant  “A call for black people to begin to define their own goals….and to lead their own organizations.”  King urged him to stop for fear it would lead to more violence

12. Black Pride  Mexico City, 1968  Olympics  African American athletes performed ”Power to the People” salute as a political statement.

13. Black Panthers  Political Party formed by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale  Preached armed revolt (Mao Zedong)  “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”

14. Goals  To fight police brutality  Take control of African Americans communities  Exemption of blacks into military service.

16. Support in the Ghettos  Established Daycare centers  Free breakfast programs  Free medical clinics  Assistance to homeless

17. Dr. King’s Death  His last speech in Memphis to support sanitary workers.  “I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the promised land.”

18. King’s Death  April 4, 1968, King was shot and killed by James Earl Ray.

19. Rage over King’s death erupted into the worst riots ever in 125 cities. Rage over King’s death erupted into the worst riots ever in 125 cities.

20.  Issued a report that concluded the nation was moving towards being black and white  Called for the creation of new jobs, new housing and end de facto segregation  Johnson admin. ignored report because of white opposition Kerner Commission

21. Gains  End of de jure segregation  Civil Rights Act of 1968  Greater pride in racial identity  Desegregation of educational facilities  Political gains such as increase in voters and African American leaders