1. Challenges and Changes in the Movement
Section 29-3 pp
“Blacks might have won the right to vote, eat at white lunch counters, sit at the front of the bus, and attend white colleges, but most still lived in poverty. True social change, many argued, would come only with revolution, not integration”

2. African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Problems in the North
De Facto Segregation:
Based on practices and customs
Hard to eliminate
De Jure Segregation: Legal Segregation

3. African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Problems in the North
Decaying urban neighborhoods
Poor Schools
High Unemployment

4. Nation of Islam Led by Elijah Muhammad Advocated black nationalism
Black pride
Economic independence
The Nation of Islam was founded in Detroit in 1930
Work to uplift impoverished blacks
Based upon ideas of Marcus Garvey
Recognize distinctiveness of black culture
Saw all whites as enemies

5. New Leaders Voice Discontent
Malcolm X
Leader in Nation of Islam
Advocated black nationalism
Rejected integration and nonviolence
Use violence to defend selves
Born Malcolm Little
Father was a civil rights activist, murdered by white racists
Sentenced to prison in 1946 and converted to Islam
“X” represents identity and heritage lost during slavery

6. New Leaders Voice Discontent
Malcolm X
Leaves Nation of Islam
Pilgrimage to Mecca changes views
Advocated integration
Supported nonviolence
Assassinated in 1965
New Name= el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz,
Gunned down by three member of Nation of Islam

7. New Leaders Voice Discontent
Black Power
Led by Stokley Carmichael
Based on militancy, self-reliance, independence, and nationalism
Black Power Salute” was the moment during the 1968 Olympics, in which African-Americans Tommie Smith and John Carlos exultantly gestured skyward, effectively leveling the playing field for civil rights. During the Mexico City games, Smith won the 200-meter race, setting a world record, and Carlos placed third. On the podium, they made a statement for equality by wearing symbolic attire and raising black-gloved fists during “The Star-Spangled Banner.” The backlash was immediate and vicious-Smith and Carlos were expelled from the U.S. Olympic team, and even received death threats. This powerful image endured, becoming symbolic of African-American athletes’ quest for equality.

8. New Leaders Voice Discontent
Black Panthers
Demanded immediate equality
Patrolled urban neighborhoods
Provided healthcare and education
Violent tactics alienated whites
Formed to fight against police brutality
Equality = economic opportunities, education, healthcare, and end to fighting in Vietnam
Federal government cracked down on the Panthers and contributed to their demise

9. 1968: A Turning Point in Civil Rights
Dr. King shot in April 1968
Led to riots in cities nationwide
RFK shot June 1968
Strong supporter of civil rights

10. Legacy of the Movement Kerner Commission Successes
Violence in cities caused by white racism
Successes
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Banned segregation in public facilities
Greater voting rights

11. Legacy of the Movement Failures Affirmative Action White Flight
Unemployment
Affirmative Action
Special efforts to hire or enroll minorities