1. Electrical Power Generation, Transmission, Storage and Utilization
Ray Findlay
IEEE 2002 President
McMaster University, Canada

2. Robert K.Green, President & CEO of UtiliCorp United
“The utility of the future is multinational, carries its expertise into emerging parallel businesses, has the flexibility and willingness to unbundle, adapts readily to new structures and concepts, goes beyond its traditional borders to grow, and is an expert manager of risk.”

3. What’s in the Future? Global power Privatization Consolidation
Deregulation
Free market competition
Emphasis on capital, investment strategy and economics, including cost reduction

4. Technical Requirements
Generation: need the lowest cost generation available to meet demand
There are many factors involved in this process, complicated, not only by technical considerations, but also by political considerations:
Environmental considerations
Maintenance and operating costs
Inefficiencies as a result of transmission
Regulatory issues

5. Some Elements of the Competitive Power Market
Energy network owners - transmission
Energy traders
Energy brokers
Mechanisms for exchange
Wholesale energy pricing
Cost of energy trading
Energy service providers - distribution
Retail operations - supply
Marketing services

6. Challenges Aging infrastructure Maintenance & scheduling
Power Quality & harmonic distortion
Advances in machine & drive design
Reducing transmission loss
System complexity
Networked generation distribution
Business VS engineering decision-making
Educational issues

7. Opportunities Generation asset management
Efforts to optimize utilization of generation facilities according to market demand
Incentive to increase efficiencies of power plants and systems
Incentive to rationalize maintenance schedules to minimize downtime
Improvement of communications among suppliers, and of monitoring systems

8. Transmission/Network Grids, A Problem
Unbundling the transmission grid from both the generation and delivery creates a problem - by definition it must be a monopoly.
Need to ensure open access
Need for regulation and oversight
Need for maintenance & development of more capability as required
Danger of fragmentation, congestion, tariffs, scheduling difficulties, etc.

9. The Retail Environment
Role of the retailer
One, two, how many bills?
Wholesale versus retail
Large customers versus small customers
Multiple service opportunities: gas, electricity, water, financial services (credit)
Methods of pricing for retail delivery
fixed term pricing
spot market pricing
regulated, capped or open access pricing

10. Control
With large, multi-connected systems inter-tying substantial areas of the globe, communication and control become problems
Dedicated communication lines
Internet operation and control
DC generation/conversion transmission versus AC generation and transmission

11. CoGeneration Issue of small plants Interconnections as a virtual plant
Methane
Wind power
Solar power
Tidal power
Interconnections as a virtual plant
Control issues
Specialized components

12. Power Quality Harmonics
Distortion: power electronic loads, adjustable speed drives & switch-mode power supplies
Electromagnetic compatibility
Component magnetics: machines, transformers, ACSR, etc.
Power factor: displacement power factor versus true power factor

13. Power Factor Displacement power factor: PFd = Cos (/VfIf)
True power factor:
PFt = P/(VrmsIrms)
For 100% THD on current, the maximum true power factor will be about 0.71

14. Measuring Power Quality
Total harmonic distortion Irms/I1
True power factor
Communications influence Gw2Ii2/Irms
Crest factor Vpeak/Vrms
There are several other special purpose power quality indices.

15. Harmonic Sources
Saturable devices include electrical machines, transformers, some transmission conductors, and fluorescent lights with magnetic ballasting
Power electronic (switching) loads include switch-mode power supplies, PWM converters, voltage source converters, fluorescent lighting with electronic ballasting, computers, etc.
Although not strictly a source, a resonant system can exacerbate harmonics - systems containing both capacitance and inductance. An example is an inductive load with power factor correction.

16. Voltage Sags in a Multisource Environment
Motor starting, transformer energizing, faults and load switching can all lead to voltage sag.
Normal clearing time for a fault is 2 or 3 cycles
Clearing for a motor start can take 10 cycles
For a load switch/transformer energize, it can take cycles

17. Voltage Sag Mitigation Strategies
Reduce the number of faults. This can be accomplished by upgrading equipment
Improve the system. Loads susceptible to faults should be multi-sourced. Use high-impedance grounding with )Y transformers to reduce the effects of a single phase to ground fault
Interface between system and load - installed additional equipment. Dynamic voltage restorer.
Improve the load equipment

18. Power Acceptability
To ascertain power acceptability we can use power acceptability curves that measure the sensitivity of the load against voltage sags or over-voltages. The curves are logarithmic for time duration to recovery against change in voltage.
Rectifier loads are particularly sensitive to voltage sags

19. DeRegulation & Generators
Particular utilities have standard requirements (called grid codes) for generators before the generator can connect to the grid.
However, between utilities there is, as yet, no consistency among the grid codes used.
Once requirements in a utility are established they may be historical and may revolve around the weakest link in the utility system.
This may cause problems for some units that may be required to conform to the weakest link grid codes. (Extreme frequency deviations, extreme VAR limits, etc.)

20. Resulting Problems Result is inconsistent standards in delivery
May result in more expensive units to meet the codes
In some areas of operation can lead to extreme anomalies in operation, for example may never operate in the leading PF range.
Difficulties in matching overall system requirements to generator capacity.
Although the machines may be capable of producing the power they may be penalized for not operating in the extremes - hence leading to more expensive power.

21. New Technologies
To develop a rational maintenance schedule we need to make us of new technologies, for example monitoring partial discharges of the stator windings of generators.
Some insulation materials have predictable partial discharge behaviour which may make it possible to determine the state of the winding, as well as the specific aging mechanism.
By keeping a record of PD activity it is then possible to develop a rational maintenance schedule.
This type of monitoring can be set up as an intelligent system to warn of impending winding failure.

22. Partial Discharge Tests
Pulse peak magnitude
Pulse polarity
Repetition rate
Phase location
Plotted results:
Pulse height analysis
Pulse phase analysis
Trends

23. From these plots we can determine:
The overall degradation of the stator winding
The partial discharge activity: the maximum magnitude of pulses with a particular repetition rate
The trend of partial discharge activity which yields the progression of insulation aging
Analysis of the pulse phase plot can pinpoint the location of the activity - slot or endwinding
Pulse patterns reveal the nature of the partial discharge activity, including the predominant sources.

24. Winding Deterioration Factors
Voltage switches and variations
Operating conditions
Fluctuations in load
Mean operating voltage level
Winding temperature
Humidity
Aging
Winding displacement in slot - fit

25. Web-Based Monitoring and Control
The web presents an opportunity for system automation and control.
For large deregulated systems information transfer plays a large part in determining success.
This gives rise to the concept of an on-line System Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) .
When combined with an interactive energy management system, we have an effective operating system over long distances and between systems.
To take advantage of this possibility will require substantive changes in individual SCADAs, as well as a very cooperative approach to selecting standards

26. An ACSR Conductor
54 aluminum conductors in three layers
19 steel conductors, two layers over a single wire

27. COOLTEMP M HT EM RC
Predicts conductor behaviour over the life time by introducing statistical distribution of system loads, ambient temperature, and rise of conductor surface over ambient

29. Electromagnetic
Model