1. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company

2. شرکت توزیع نیروی برق سیستان و بلوچستان
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
شرکت توزیع نیروی برق سیستان و بلوچستان

3. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company

4. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company

5. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company

6. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Efficiency ranges % with respect to size of thermal plant, age of plant and capacity utilization
Step-up to 400 / 800 Kv to enable EHV transmission. Envisaged max. losses 0.5 % or efficiency of 99.5 %
EHV transmission and substations at 400 kV / 800 kV. Envisaged maximum losses 1.0 % or efficiency of 99 %
HV transmission & Substations for 220 / 400 kV. Envisaged maximum losses 2.5 % or efficiency of 97.5 %
Sub-transmission at 66 / 132 kV
Envisaged maximum losses 4 % or efficiency of 96 %
Step-down to a level of 11 / 33 kV. Envisaged losses 0.5 % or efficiency of 99.5 %
Distribution is final link to end user at 11 / 33 kV. Envisaged losses maximum 5 % of efficiency of 95 %
Cascade efficiency from Generation to end user= n x n x n x n x n x n x n The cascade efficiency in the T&D system from output of the power plant to the end user is 87% (i.e x 0.99 x x 0.96 x x 0.95 = 87%)
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company

7. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Efficiency ranges % with respect to size of thermal plant, age of plant and capacity utilization
Step-up to 400 / 800 Kv to enable EHV transmission. Envisaged max. losses 0.5 % or efficiency of 99.5 %
EHV transmission and substations at 400 kV / 800 kV. Envisaged maximum losses 1.0 % or efficiency of 99 %
HV transmission & Substations for 220 / 400 kV. Envisaged maximum losses % or efficiency of %
Sub-transmission at 66 / 132 kV
Envisaged maximum losses % or efficiency of %
Step-down to a level of 11 / 33 kV. Envisaged losses 0.5 % or efficiency of 99.5 %
Distribution is final link to end user at 11 / 33 kV. Envisaged losses maximum 25 % of efficiency of 75 %
Cascade efficiency from Generation to end user= n x n x n x n x n x n x n The cascade efficiency in the T&D system from output of the power plant to the end user is 87% (i.e x 0.99 x x x x 0.75 = 54.8%)
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company

8. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Efficiency ranges % with respect to size of thermal plant, age of plant and capacity utilization
Step-up to 400 / 800 Kv to enable EHV transmission. Envisaged max. losses 0.5 % or efficiency of 99.5 %
EHV transmission and substations at 400 kV / 800 kV. Envisaged maximum losses 1.0 % or efficiency of 99 %
HV transmission & Substations for 220 / 400 kV. Envisaged maximum losses 10 % or efficiency of 90 %
Sub-transmission at 66 / 132 kV
Envisaged maximum losses 7.94 % or efficiency of %
Step-down to a level of 11 / 33 kV. Envisaged losses 0.5 % or efficiency of 99.5 %
Distribution is final link to end user at 11 / 33 kV. Envisaged losses maximum 15 % of efficiency of 85 %
Cascade efficiency from Generation to end user= n x n x n x n x n x n x n The cascade efficiency in the T&D system from output of the power plant to the end user is 87% (i.e x 0.99 x 0.90 x x x 0.85 = 69%)
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company

9. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Efficiency ranges % with respect to size of thermal plant, age of plant and capacity utilization
Step-up to 400 / 800 Kv to enable EHV transmission. Envisaged max. losses 0.5 % or efficiency of 99.5 %
EHV transmission and substations at 400 kV / 800 kV. Envisaged maximum losses 1.0 % or efficiency of 99 %
HV transmission & Substations for 220 / 400 kV. Envisaged maximum losses 10 % or efficiency of 90 %
Sub-transmission at 66 / 132 kV
Envisaged maximum losses 7.94 % or efficiency of %
Step-down to a level of 11 / 33 kV. Envisaged losses 0.5 % or efficiency of 99.5 %
Distribution is final link to end user at 11 / 33 kV. Envisaged losses maximum 5 % of efficiency of 95 %
Cascade efficiency from Generation to end user= n x n x n x n x n x n x n The cascade efficiency in the T&D system from output of the power plant to the end user is 87% (i.e x 0.99 x 0.90 x x x 0.95 = 77.15%)
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company

10. Leveling of distribution system loads by network re-configuration
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Leveling of distribution system loads by network
re-configuration
Voltage optimization
Power factor correction
Install new feeders/transformers/substations
Increasing primary conductor size
Adding a (parallel) feeder
Upsizing conductors or reconfiguring secondary network
Changing out a distribution transformer
Using amorphous core transformers
Voltage conversion
Updating substation auxiliary equipment
Adding substation transformers
Upgrading metering technology
updating street lighting technology

11. Some loads in the heavy loaded feeder shifted to
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Some loads in the heavy loaded feeder shifted to
another lightly loaded feeder .
First step for loss reduction with less investment

12. Voltage Optimization (VO) is the concept of tuning the circuit to
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Voltage Optimization (VO) is the concept of tuning the circuit to
achieve a flattened voltage profile before implementing CVR in
order to produce greater savings than CVR alone.

13. Loss Reduction Techniques
Install new feeders
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Heavy loaded area to be supplied by new feeder so that existing feeder supplies less loads (for new feeder install , sometimes new HV/MV transformer needed)
New substation to be built in the center of high load density area so that existing feeder supplies less loads
Building new facilities ( feeders , transformers , substations ) requires a certain level of investment. Impact of loss reduction and investment must be carefully considered.

14. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Certain customer inductive loads , distribution lines , and transformers require reactive power to be supplied by the electric grid.
Addition of reactive power(VAR) increases the total line current, which contributes to additional losses in the system .

15. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Improvement of power factor reduces power flow in a feeder . Thus, system loss reduction achieved
Power factor improved by compensating the reactive power

16. Loss Reduction Techniques
Load Balancing and Multi-Phasing
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Phase balancing is balancing phase currents along three-
phase circuits.
Balancing phase loads at the substation does not guarantee phase balance along the feeder path.

17. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Doubling the voltage would reduce the current by half and reduce the line loss to 25% of original.
Upgrading the primary voltage of the distribution feeder involves upgrading the distribution equipment, which can be cost intensive

18. Requires comprehensive cost/benefit studies
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Balances load between the transformers at existing substations or at a new substation location .
Requires comprehensive cost/benefit studies

19. Increasing primary conductor size Adding a (parallel) feeder
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Increasing primary conductor size
Adding a (parallel) feeder
Upsizing conductors or reconfiguring secondary network
Changing out a distribution transformer
Using amorphous core transformers
Upgrading metering technology
Updating street lighting technology

20. Distributed Generation
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (Data improves loss analysis and CVR effectiveness )
Volt/VAR Control via Distribution Management System (Optimizes set points for local Volt/VAR controllers (LTC, regulator, cap banks) )
Distribution Automation ( Provides monitoring and control to optimize system Configuration )
Distributed Generation
Energy Storage Systems (Reduces peak load and energy and associated losses )
Demand Management

21. Evaluation of Loss Reduction Measures
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
When “Cost of Loss Reduction” > “Economic Value of Reduced Energy Loss”, the loss is feasible
Determine the most effective measures and their respective input

22. Best Practices in Technical Loss Reduction
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Network Re-Configuration
Network Reconducturing
Optimal Location of DTRs
Integrated Optimal Strategy

23. Rule Based Optimal Integrated Strategy
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Rule1: Reconfigure the network for minimal losses
Rule2: Determine the optimal number, location and capacity of the shunt capacitor banks to be placed on the network
Rule3: If voltage drop violation is severe and losses are violated marginally, then install AVB on the feeders to improve voltage profile and maximise reduction of losses . If loss violation is severe and violation of voltage drop is marginal or severe, proceed for implementation of optimal reconductoring of the network.

24. Table -1 Voltage Drop and losses of existing Network
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company S.
No.
Feeder
Length Km
Active Load Kw
Reactive KVAR
Power
Loss KW
Regulation (%)
Energy Loss (%) 1 F1
52.70
770.
32.27
11.55 2 F2
31.70
95.0
7.11
3.05 3 F3
29.80
933.00
894.00
88.0
8.36
3.41

25. Feeders F2 & F3 are approximately equally loaded.
Discussion
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
On a review of Table – I :
It is observed that feeder F1 is heavily loaded and losses and voltage drop are high.
Feeders F2 & F3 are approximately equally loaded.
The network has a heavy unequal loading, calling for reconfiguration of network.

26. The benefits are evaluated by pricing the peak power loss reduction at
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
The benefits are evaluated by pricing
the peak power loss reduction at
marginal capacity cost and energy
savings at marginal energy cost.

27. Table -II
Power Loss and Voltage drop of Network for each short term measure
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Details of Short
Name
Voltage
Energy
Power Loss
Benefit
Works to
Term Measure
of Feeder
Drop %
Loss %
Reduction %
Improve- ment %
Cost Ratio
be Executed
1. Reconfiguration F1
9.93
4.11
83.63
22.34
10.15
13.3 KM F2
13.08
4.81
-5.97
of Line F3
12.12
4.77
-82.95
-3.76
2. Shunt Capacitor
19.36
5.81
59.22
12.91
10.38
4 SSCB
5.42
1.81
43.20
1.69
1 SSCB 1 SSCB
6.40
2.08
42.00
1.96
3. Reconductoring
11.39
1.93
88.05
20.88
2.911
6.1 KM
4.33
1.42
56.00
2.78
7.2 KM 6.8 KM
5.04
1.45
60.30
3.32

28. Table -II
Power Loss and Voltage drop of Network for each short term measure
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Details of Short Term Measure
Nameof Feeder
Voltage Drop %
Energy Loss %
Power Loss Reduction %
Voltage Improve- ment %
Benefit Cost Ratio
Works tobe Executed
4. AVB F1
4.24
8.04
36.49
28.03
4.41
3 AVB F2
0.00
2.65
3.16
7.11
1 AVB F3
2.94
3.08
10.22
5.42
1AVB
5. Series
Capacitor
14.41
8.57
33.76
17.86
2.52
488 KVAR
2.62
14.73
166 KVAR
1.40
3.00
12.50
6.96
114 KVAR

29. On a review of Table – II:
Discussion
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
On a review of Table – II:
It is noticed that none of the short term measures when considered alone can bring the network to set target norms of losses and voltage drop. Further, it is observed that
i)Reconfiguration equalises loading on Feeders and also reduces losses of total network by 45% but neither losses nor voltage drop are within the desired limits.
ii)With shunt compensation, Feeder F 1 still has high losses and voltage drop, even after it has reduced losses by 60% and improves voltage by 12%

30. Discussion
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
iii) Reconductoring alone will bring losses of all feeders within the set target norms but the voltage drop of Feeder F1 is violated
iv)Installation of AVB has brought voltage profile within the desired limits but losses of all Feeders continue to be high.
v) Series capacitor will not reduce the losses and voltage drop of Feeder F 1 to set norms and the rate of return is low. 

31. Table -III Combinations of Short Term measures
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Type of Improvement
Feeder
Voltage
Energy
Power Loss
Benefit
Works to be No
Drop %
Loss %
Reduction %
Improve-
Cost
Executed
ment %
Ratio
1. Shunt Capacitor + Reconductoring F1
2.52
1.53
90.50
29.75
4.15
4 SSCB KM 2 SSCB 1 SSCB F2
5.42
1.81
42.10
1.69 F3
6.40
2.08
40.91
1.96
2. Shunt Capacitor + Reconfiguration
6.59
3.63
84.28
25.68
6.96
4 SSCB KM 2 SSCB 1 SSCB
10.3
2.66
-25.26
-2.50
8.30
2.50
21.59
0.06
3. Reconductoring + Reconfiguration
7.32
1.19
94.15
24.95
2.58
16.1 KM KM 7.2 KM 6.8 KM
5.81
1.72
32.63
1.30
6.48
1.80
44.32
1.88

32. Voltage Improve- ment %
Table -III
Combinations of Short Term measures
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Type of Improvement
Feeder No
Voltage Drop %
Energy Loss %
Power Loss Reduction %
Voltage Improve- ment %
Benefit Cost Ratio
Works tobe Executed
4. Reconductoring F1
4.78
1.01
93.90
27.49
2.72
16.1 KM + 3 SSCB 7.2 KM +
+ Shunt Capacitor F2
3.21
1.05
67.37
3.90 F3
3.32
0.96
73.86
5.04
2 SSCB 6.8 KM + 1 SSCB
5. Reconductoring
3.47
1.65
89.87
28.88
2.82
16.1 KM + 1 AVB KM
+ AVB
4.33
1.42
55.79
2.78
1.45
60.22
8.8 KM
6. Reconfiguration
6.91
2.18
91.87
25.36
7.19
13.3 KM +SSCB 2SSCB
9.34
2.89
-35.79
-2.23
8.54
2.52
10.23
-0.18
2 SSCB

33. Table -III Combinations of Short Term measures
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Type of
Feeder
Voltage
Energy
Power Loss
Benefit
Works to
Improvement No
Drop %
Loss %
Reduction %
Improve- ment %
Cost Ratio
be Executed
7. Reconfiguration F1
5.41
1.50
94.55
26.86
2.91
13.3 KM KM
+ Reconductoring F2
7.03
1.44
35.80
0.08 F3
6.38
1.60
44.32
2.03
8. Reconfiguration
0.00
3.42
12.48
32.27
6.36
13.3 KM + 1 AVB 1 AVB
+ AVB
2.84
4.07
94.73
4.27
4.01
4.11
54.54
4.35
1 AVB
9. Shunt Capacitor
0.25
5.50
61.82
30.00
6.11
4SSCB +
5.42
1.81
42.11
1.69
2 AVB 2 SSCB
1.09
1.86
47.73
7.27
1SSCB + 1 AVB

34. Table -III Combinations of Short Term measures
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
Type of Improvement
Feeder
Voltage
Energy
Power Loss
Benefit
Works to No
Drop %
Loss %
Reduction %
Improve- ment %
Cost Ratio
be Executed
10. Reconfiguration F1
0.00
2.00
92.59
32.25
5.25
13.3 KM + 2 SSCB + 2 AVB
+ Shunt Capacitor + AVB F2
1.40
2.59
21.05
5.71 F3
1.83
2.32
17.05
6.53
3 SSCB +1 AVB 2 SSCB + 1 AVB
11. Shunt Capacitor
2.52
1.53
90.50
29.75
3.89
+ Reconductoring + AVB
5.42
1.81
42.10
1.69
1.09
1.86
47.77
7.27

35. A review of Table III indicates that:
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
A review of Table III indicates that:
i)The BCR of combination where Reconfiguration is done first and then other short term measure is undertaken
later is better than corresponding combination where Reconfiguration is done later and the other measure is done
first.
ii) The results of Reconfiguration show that there is a transfer of a load from feeders F2 & F3 to feeder F1 only and the transfer between the feeders F2 & F3 is negligible . It indicates that network Reconfiguration is effective only between feeders of unequal loading .  .

36. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
iii)The combination of Reconfiguration+ Shunt Capacitor gives the highest BCR but it violates the voltage limits
iv)The combination of Reconductoring + AVB alone satisfies both the limits of losses and voltage but BCR is very low and is not recommended. 
v) The combination of Shunt Capacitor + Reconductoring has higher BCR than Reconductoring + Shunt Capacitor, as the later involves reconductoring of longer length of line. It validates Rule 3 that Reconductoring should be undertaken only after installation of capacitors required.  .

37. losses and obtain better BCR.
Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
vi)The combination Reconfiguration + Shunt Capacitor + AVB meets the targets set for losses and voltage drop and has highest BCR of 5.25
vii)The next best combination which meets the targets set is Shunt Capacitor + Reconductoring + AVB but has a lower BCR of 3.85
viii)The fact that combination of Shunt Capacitor + Reconductoring + AVB has a higher BCR compared to combination of Reconductoring + AVB indicates that installation of capacitors is necessary to reduce
losses and obtain better BCR.

38. Sistan & Balouchestan Electric Power Distribution Company
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