1. Skeletal System Bone Basics

2. Basics Components Functions – Support – Storage – Blood cell production – Protection – Leverage

3. Connective Tissue 4 types - Bone - Cartilage - Hyaline - Elastic - Fibrocartilage * function * location

5. Classification of Bones Axial Appendicular

6. Classification of Bones - Shape Long Short Flat Irregular

7. Classification of Bones - Texture Compact Spongy

8. Classification of Bone: Texture  Compact Bone Surfaces except joints Heavy stress areas Osteons parallel to long axis – Bend with end force – Smaller force from side can cause breaks

9. Classification of Bone: Texture  Spongy Bone Inner part – Less dense – Stress from many directions Lighter weight Trabeculae Hematopoeitic tissue – red marrow vs. yellow marrow

10. Microscopic Features Osteocytes – Lacunae – Canaliculi Osteon – Around central canal Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

11. Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone Figure 6.6a, b

12. Features of a long bone Epiphyses & Diaphysis Epiphyseal Line Compact & Spongy bone Medullary Cavity Endosteum Periosteum

13. Outer layer Inner layer Perforating canals

14. Bone Development

15. Describe the structure and function of spongy bone Describe the structure and function of compact bone Describe 5 functions of bone

16. Bone Remodeling 6 wks after fertilization – 25 yrs Calcium – 99% in skeleton – Role in nerve and muscle cells 18% of proteins and minerals removed and replaced a year – Remodeling – Not same rate for all bones – Important for calcium homeostasis

17. Injury and Repair Fractures – Closed (simple) – Open – Transverse – Spiral – Comminuted

18. As long as blood supply exists 4 months – year Step 1 – Bleeding – Clot (hematoma) forms – Kills osteocytes – Dead bone

19. Step 2 Periosteum and endosteum cells divide Migrate to fracture Localized thickenings – Externally produces hyaline cartilage

20. Step 3 Osteoblasts – Replace cartilage Spongy bone at internal callus Grows together Stabilizes fracture

21. Step 4 Remodeling Dead and spongy  compact Good as new – May be thicker

22. Aging Bones thinner and weaker – Osteoblast activity declines – Osteoclast activity normal – More lost in epiphyses, vertebrae, jaws Fragile limbs, reduced height, loss of teeth

23. Osteoporosis Reduces bone mass Bone formation – Effected by sex hormones – Decreases after menopause More common in older women Slowed, not prevented – Hormone replacement – Dietary changes – Exercise

24. Articulations

25. Classifications Structure or function Immovable – Fibrous or cartilaginous – Suture – Gomphosis – Synchondrosis Slightly movable – Fibrous or cartilaginous – Syndesmosis – Symphysis

26. Freely movable Synovial Wide range of motion Bones not in contact Covered with articular cartilage – Arthritis Fibrous capsule Shock absorption – Menisci – Fat pads Ligaments and tendons Bursae

27. Movement Gliding Angular motion – Flexion – Extension – Hyperextension

28. Abduction Adduction Circumduction

29. Rotation Pronation Supination

30. Special movements Inversion Dorsiflexion Opposition Protraction Elevation

32. Classification of Synovial Joints Gliding – Limited rotation – Clavicles, carpals, tarsals, vertebrae Hinge – Motion in a single plane – Elbow, knee, ankle, atlas

33. Pivot – Rotation only – Atlas and axis, radius and ulna Ellipsoidal or condyloid – Oval articulation in a depression – Motion in two planes – Radius and carpals, phalanges and metacarpal or metatarsals

34. Saddle – Opposing faces nest together – Angular motion, no rotation – Base of thumb Ball-and-socket – Round head in cup- shaped depression – Motion in most directions – Should and hip

35. Intervertebral Articulations Gliding and symphyseal joints Slipped disc Condition of discs as we age

36. Shoulder Ball-and-socket Most frequently dislocated Several bursae – Bursitis Rotator cuff

37. Elbow Hinge joint Stronger articulation Extremely stable – Interlocking – Joint capsule – Reinfored with ligaments

38. Hip Ball-and-socket Articulating surface – Fibrocartilage pad – Fat pad – Synovial membrane – Ligaments Joint capsule Fractures – Common in elderly – Dislocation

39. Knee Hinge joint Fibrcartilage pads – Minisci Fat pads Burae Patella within ligament Surrounded by ligaments – ACL