1. The Scientific Revolution
Early 16th Century science was based on Aristotle.
Motionless earth fixed in the center of the universe
Surrounded by celestial spheres that moved in a perfect circle

2. The Great Chain of Being

3. Francis Bacon The Scientific Method – A new way to do science
Inductive-

4. Bacon and Descartes' (Bacon = inductive, Descartes = deductive)
Bacon – Formalizes the empirical method
Descartes' – proves correspondence between geometry and algebra.. Creates analytic geometry.
Dualism – Mind and matter or the physical and the spiritual

5. William Harvey
Medicine – Circular flow of blood from the heart

6. Microscope

7. The Telescope

8. Copernicus 1473-1543 Clergyman
The universe revolved around a fixed sun
Did not publish works until the year of his death

9. Change of World View The immense size of the universe
The earthly world was similar to the heavens… earth is just another planet
Where was the kingdom of heaven?
Did not Joshua bid the sun to stand still and not the earth
1616 The Catholic Church declares Copernican theory as false

10. Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo
Brahe collected data
Kepler’s 3laws of planetary motions
Elliptical
Did not move at a uniform speed
The time it takes to orbit is directly related to the distance from the sun

11. Galileo 1564 - 1642 Experimental method Law of inertia
Changed a telescope from Holland and pointed it toward the heavens
Observed that the moon, is in many ways, like the surface of the earth. Western civilization turns the corner

12. Making sense of the universe
Nature and nature's light were hidden by night/ Then God said "Let Newton be!" and then there was light" – Alexander Pope

13. Newton “”
Law of Universal Gravitation – attraction to other bodies… precise and mathematical

14. The Solar System

15. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
The Medieval Universities – Application of scientific reasoning - and math from the crusades
The Renaissance – Humanism search of knowledge through antiquity improves math
The need for navigation tools - longitude

16. Science and the Church Were Protestants more open to science?
Where there was a strong central religious authority religious dogma ruled
Italy
Holland
England

17. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution
Gave rise to international scientific communities.
New way of obtaining more knowledge
More critical
Refused to base its conclusions on established sources
But… little evidence that it was due to economic factors. It was first and foremost an intellectual movement

18. However – revolutions are coming
Science and industrial arts exalted
Religion and morality are questioned
Knowledge was important because it made possible social, economic and political PROGRESS.

19. Causes for uncertainty
Scholars were cautious – as institutions could condemn
Previous wars of religion – Thirty Years War. A strong state demanded religious conformity
Skepticism – Bayle – nothing could ever be known beyond doubt

20. Skepticism- as the world shrinks
Europeans cut their beards and grew their hair long.
Turks shaved their heads and grew their beards long.
John Locke – rejects Descarte – with his tabula rasa
Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding as the equal to Newton’s Principia

21. The Enlightenment
Natural science should be used understand all aspects of life… rationalism
Scientific method could be used to discover laws about human society… The birth of the social sciences.
Progress… Human being could create better societies

22. The French Philosophes
Were they philosophers?
More like early sociologists
Why France
French was the language of the educated
“Scientists” were not as suppressed as other parts of the world
What were their concerns
Determined to reach the all of Europe’s educated elite… The Public…not “the blind and noisy multitude”
Careful not to directly attack powerful institutions they wrote plays, books and satires that were not distributed widely or had had double meanings

23. Reformers More than Revolutionaries
Montesquieu – separation of powers
Francois Marie Arouet – Voltaire – satire and religious toleration but never social or economic equality.
Diderot - encyclopedia
Madame du Chatelet
Deists

24. The Later Enlightenment-1770
D’Holbach – Humans are machines – free will is a myth – B.F. Skinner “Beyond Freedom and Dignity … positive and negative reinforcement (Late 60’s USA)
David Hume( ) The human mind is simply a bundle of impressions
Rousseau – The noble savage… Institutions that were created for progress actually corrupt

25. More Rousseau… “The Social Contract”
The General Will – reflects the common interest of the people
Popular Sovereignty
More on the general will… dictators and democrats have used this to usurp power

26. Urban Culture and Public Opinion
Books sales explode
Less religious and more books on the arts and sciences (1780)
Smuggled books evaded censorship
EUROPE WAS BECOMING MORE SECULAR
Scandals
Pornography
Women using sex to conquer weak men
Germany permitted freedom of the press

27. The Salons – Free From Censorship
Women brought important men to discuss the latest literature, science and philosophy
Elite women exercised influence in the arts
Rococo
Greater education for women
Madam Geoffrin

28. The Enlightenment and Absolutism
Benevolent absolutism was the best opportunity to improve society.
The people are children that need parental guidance

29. Prussia, Russia, and Austria
Frederick II (The Great) (r )
Daddy was the “solider king”
Sonny tries to run away with his best friend and Daddy cuts his friend’s head off
But… in 1740 he inherits the throne and invades Silesia
The War of Austrian Succession

30. The War of Austrian Succession
Prussia adds 6 mil to its population
Austria would not let Silesia go peacefully
Maria Theresa allied herself with France and Russia in the Seven Years War (In America it was called the French Indian War ( )

31. Frederick The Great Holds on But Gives in
Peter III 1762 calls off the attack
The Seven Years War tempers his policies
Religious and academic toleration
Improved schools
Improved agriculture and industry
“Only the first servant of the state”
Did not free his own serfs
Kept the right to expel the Jews whenever he wanted

32. Catherine the Great of Russia (r.1762-1796)
German
Peter the Great abolished hereditary succession
Catherine has Peter III killed for withdrawing from the Seven Years War

33. Catherine had drunk deeply at the enlightenment well
Three main goals
Bring sophisticated western culture to Russia
Bring in western architecture
Corresponds with Voltaire
Domestic reform
Pugachev’s revolt 1773
Peasants are dangerous
1775- nobles have absolute control of their serfs

34. Goals… continued Territorial Expansion Successful Crimea Caucasus
Poland , divided among Austria, Russia, and Prussia
Kept Russian noble happy

35. Austrian Habsburgs Maria Theresa Limited power of the papacy
Strengthened central bureaucracy
Improve the life of agricultural workers

36. Habsburgs…Continued Joseph II…Coregent to 1780 and ruled to 1790
Controlled the Catholic Church more closely
Religious toleration for Protestants and Jews
Abolishes serfdom from (led to turmoil from the nobles… cancelled in 1791)

37. Absolutism is France King was still the best source of reform
Louis XIV dies Nobles under the Duke of Orleans make a comeback
Restored the high courts of France – the Parlements… They maintained the right to evaluate decrees before they became law
What once were middle-class judges were now well entrenched in the aristocracy

38. The Parlement of Paris
5% tax on everyone (because of the War of Austrian Succession) was dropped.
Seven Years War King tries to impose emergency taxes
Parlement of Paris rejects the tax “ to limit the king’s power and protect liberty.”
No taxes without the consent of The Parlement of Paris

39. Mapeou

40. Louis XV Reacts Mapeou establishes a new more docile Parlement
The king of his royal aura
Pornography
Scandal mongering
The commoners of Paris were beginning to stir
Royal power was strong enough to ride over the opposition but the king dies in 1774
Louis XVI “What I should like most is to be loved.”

41. Overall influence of the Enlightenment
France unlike the its eastern neighbors saw a decline in absolutism
The Enlightened Monarchs
They did spread cultural values of the Enlightenment… especially Frederick and Catherine
Secular
Education and interest in the arts
Reforms that would strengthen the state and compete militarily…

42. Absolutists continued
Put state building reforms in a broader perspective
How humane laws could make the population more productive
Tolerating religious minorities
Simplifying legal codes and promoting practical education