1. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Toward a New Worldview

2. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION  Questioning old knowledge & assumptions  Rejection of religious authority and demystification of the universe  Gradual rise of science & reason  Scientists of this era differed from predecessors in combining mathematics and experiments

3. NEW DIRECTIONS IN ASTRONOMY & PHYSICS  NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543) Polish monk Observed patterns of star and planet movement Called into question the literal truth of the Scriptures Copernicus waited until he was near death to publish his findings

4.  JOHANNES KEPLER, (1571-1630):  Proved mathematically many of Copernicus’ theories  Developed idea of elliptical planetary movement NEW DIRECTIONS IN ASTRONOMY & PHYSICS

5.  GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642) Italian scientist  Improved the telescope  Made observations that proved the Copernican theory of the universe  Described motion of bodies on earth  1633 -- Church forced Galileo to recant; placed under house arrest.

6. ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)  mathematician and physicist, one of the foremost scientific intellects of all time.  Universal Gravitation: combined laws of planetary & earth motion  new developments in optics and chemistry  developed calculus  work had numerous practical applications

7. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION DISCOVERIES IN OTHER SCIENCES  Botany: new medical applications  Anatomy: better understand of how human body worked  Microscope invented

8. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION  FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)  Inductive reasoning: working from particular to general conclusions  Developed scientific method

9. RENÉ DESCARTES (1596-1650)  Geometry: any algebraic formula could be plotted as curve in space  Deductive Reasoning: predicting particular results from general principles  Cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”)

10. Significance of the Scientific Revolution  Contributions of these scientists made the universe comprehensible for the first time  The individual became much more important; collective authority was not the source of wisdom…individual intellect was  Began long adversarial relationship between science and religion  The Revolution laid the foundation for the Enlightenment of the 18 th century…

11. The Enlightenment  Intellectual movement of the late 17 th and 18 th centuries…a product of the Scientific Revolution  Key principles of the Enlightenment:  Belief in human reason  Belief in the scientific method  Progress  Enlightenment ideals often came into conflict with religion  Blossomed in 18 th century France

12. Enlightenment Philosophers POLITICAL THOUGHT  THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)  Negative view of human nature  Strong ruler necessary to control conflicting desires Hobbe’s Leviathan

13.  JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)  Regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers  Believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance.  His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau and the American revolutionaries  Many of his ideas are reflected in the American Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights

14. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)  French social commentator and political thinker  explained how governments might be preserved from corruption through a separation of powers (different bodies exercised legislative, executive, and judicial power)  argued that all government bodies should be bound by the rule of law  theories of separation of powers and of checks and balances had an enormous impact on other political theorists and on the framers of the constitution of the United States

15. Voltaire, 1694 - 1778  one of France's greatest writers and philosophers  Imprisoned in the Bastille for writing a scathing satire of the French government  Later lived in exile in England, where he became interested in the philosophy of John Locke and ideas of mathematician and scientist, Sir Isaac Newton.  Wrote about importance of personal liberties, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion