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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, ENLIGHTENMENT, FRENCH REVOLUTION

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Presentation on theme: "SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, ENLIGHTENMENT, FRENCH REVOLUTION"— Presentation transcript:

1 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, ENLIGHTENMENT, FRENCH REVOLUTION
16TH-18TH CENTURY. New ideas challenge the established order.

2 NEW IDEAS CHANGING WORLD VIEW DUE TO MORE PRECISE KNOWLEDGE OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD Clockwise from top left: Kepler, Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, Descartes, and Ptolemy

3 SCIENTIFIC METHOD SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL UNIVERSE. A METHOD OF INQUIRY IN WHICH RESULTS CAN BE VERIFIED THRU REPEATABLE EXPERIMENTS TESTABLE QUESTION PROCEDURE EXPERIMENT & OBSERVATION CONCLUSION

4 SCIENCE & THE CHURCH ARISTOTLE’S SCIENCE FIT CHRISTIAN DOCTRINES . CHALLENGES TO ACCEPTED THEORIES = CHALLENGES TO CHURCH DOCTRINE , I.E. HERESY. Galileo on trial for heresy.

5 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS POLISH CLERGYMAN & ASTRONOMER. CHALLENGED PTOLEMY & ARISTOTLE GEOCENTRIC THEORY., REVIVED ARISTARCHUS HELIOCENTRIC THEORY, PUBLISHED THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES IN 1543, THE YEAR HE DIED.

6 EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN.
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN. COPERNICUS

7 FURTHER INVESTIGATION.
Observations by Brahe & Kepler proved three laws of planetary motion: Planets orbits are elliptical. Planets don’t orbit at same speed Plant’s orbital cycle related to distance from sun.

8 GALILEO GALILEI FLORENTINE MATHEMATICIAN. ELABORATED THE MODERN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD, I.E. CONDUCTED CONTROLLED, REPEATABLE EXPERIMENTS THEORY OF UNIFORM ACCELERATION LAW OF INERTIA BY TELESCOPIC OBSERVATION PROVED HELIOCENTRIC THEORY 1633, TRIED FOR HERESY BY THE CHURCH

9 SIR ISAAC NEWTON 1642-1727 ENGLISH SCIENTIST & PHYSICIST.
1687 PUBLISHED PRINCIPIA . ONE UNIFIED THEORY TO EXPLAIN THE SYSTEM OF THE UNIVERSE. LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION = EVERY BODY IN UNIVERSE ATTRACTS EVERY OTHER BODY IN A PRECISE MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP BASED ON MASS & DISTANCE.

10 CAUSES OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
UNIVERSITIES: VALUABLE LONG-TERM CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENTIFIC & INTELLECTUAL LIFE. RENAISSANCE: RECOVERY OF CLASSIC GREEK MATH WORKS. NAVIGATIONAL PROBLEMS: EXPLORATION LED TO DEMAND FOR TOOLS & SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO SOLVE NAVIGATION PROBLEMS. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS: EXPLORATION & FOCUS ON RESEARCH REQUIRED NEW INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE & OBSERVE – TELESCOPE, BAROMETER PENDULUM CLOCK, MICROSCOPE.

11 CONSEQUENCES OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
INT’L SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY AROSE: LEARNING, SHARING COMPETING. SCIENTIFIC METHOD =CRITICAL, CHALLENGED TRADITIONS, SACRED TEXTS, ANCIENT AUTHORITIES. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION, NO IMMEDIATE ECONOMIC EFFECT

12 ENLIGHTENMENT-FOUNDATIONAL IDEAS
REASON NOT FAITH. METHODS OF NATURAL SCIENCE COULD LEAD TO UNDERSTANDING ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE. SOCIAL SCIENCES = SCIENTIFIC METHOD COULD BE USED TO EXPLAIN LAWS OF SOCIETY PROGRESS. HUMANS COULD CREATE BETTER SOCIETIES & PEOPLE. SECULARISM – FOCUS ON WORLDLY EXPLANATIONS. CONFLICT SCIENCE VS. RELIGION: QUESTIONED BELIEF THAT A STRONG STATE REQUIRED UNITY OF RELIGIOUS FAITH. RESULTS= RELIGIOUS WARS, ONGOING CONFLICT. EXPOSURE TO FOREIGN CULTURES LED PEOPLE TO LOOK AT TRUTH & MORALITY IN RELATIVE TERMS.

13 JOHN LOCKE, 1632-1704 SECOND TREATISE ON GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT EXISTS TO MAINTAIN ORDER, PROTECT ]PROPERTY, DEFEND AGAINST FOREIGN ENEMIES PROTECT NATURAL RIGHTS OF PEOPLE

14 ADAM SMITH, WEALTH OF NATIONS (1776)
LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS. GOV’T SHOULD NOT INTERFERE WITH THE ECONOMY. STATE=PASSIVE POLICEMAN FREE ENTERPRISE. EACH PERSON SHOULD BE FREE TO PURSUE INDIVIDUAL SELF-INTEREST. INDIVIDUALS GUIDED BY “INVISIBLE HAND”, I.E. LAW OF SUPPLY & DEMAND

15 RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) FRENCH PHILOSOPHER, MATHEMATICIAN.
“JE PENSE, DONC JE SUIS” = I THINK THEREFORE I AM. DOUBT EVERYTHING

16 PHILOSOPHES: French intellectuals
WEALTHY ELITES WHO DISCUSSED NEW IDEAS. OFTEN CRITICAL OF CHURCH & STATE. MONTESQUIEU ( ) = FRENCH POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER. SPIRIT OF LAWS (1748) INFLUENCED BY ENGLAND. PROMOTE LIBERTY, PREVENT TYRANNY = SEPARATION OF POWERS. VOLTAIRE (FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET) WRITER, POLITICAL SATIRIST. “I DISAPPROVE OF WHAT YOU SAY BUT I WILL DEFEND TO THE DEATH YOUR RIGHT TO SAY IT.” DENIS DIDEROT ( ) & JEAN D’ALEMBERG ( ) = EDITED ENCYCLOPEDIA ‘TO CHANGE THE GENERAL WAY OF THINKING”, PUBLISHED 1772, 28 VOL. SUMMED UP NEW WORLD VIEW.

17 LATE ENLIGHTENMENT MORE RADICAL IDEAS, OFTEN DOGMATIC. ATHEISM, DETERMINISM (MAN HAS NO FREE WILL). LESS FAITH IN POWER OF REASON. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU ( ) SWISS PHILOSOPHES. INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM. ATTACKED RATIONALISM & “CIVILIZATION” WHICH “DESTROYED THE INDIVIDUAL”. POLITICAL THEORY SOCIAL CONTRACT (1762). GENERAL WILL REFLECTS COMMON INTERESTS OF ALL. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY – PEOPLE NOT RULERS HOLD SOVERIGN POWER.


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