1. Middle Ages Chapter 7 Chapter 8

2. Middle Ages AKA = Dark Ages –Little trade –No education –Mass invasions Historians say it was not dark Est. new civilization Medieval – Latin for “middle ages”

3. Germanic Kingdoms Goths, Vandals, Saxons, Franks Mostly farmers or herders Small communities No written law King elected by tribal council Warrior and king pact

4. King Clovis King of the Franks Conquers Gaul Converted to Christianity

5. Muslim Empire Islam formed in 600s Move across the Middle East, N. Africa, and into Spain

6. Charles Martel Raised an army to battle the Muslims in Frankish lands 732 – Battle of Tours –Martel’s Army defeats the Muslims

7. Charles the Great “Charlemagne” Takes the throne in 768 Ruled the empire built by his grandfather, Charles Martel Fought: Muslims in Spain, Saxons in the North, Avars and Slavs in the East, and Lombards in Italy

8. Charlemagne 799 – Pope Leo III asked him for help against rebellious nobles Pope makes Charlemagne emperor of Rome Results: –East and West split more –Unites Christians in Europe –Sets up power struggle

9. Gov’t of Charlemagne Nobles as governors Missi dominici – supervisors/advisors Officials expected to keep written records

10. Society of Charlemagne Encouraged Latin learning Set up schools

11. Legacy of Charlemagne Died in 814 Son, Louis I rules –Grandsons fight over and divide the empire with the Treaty of Verdun Known for: –Extending Christianity –Set up a strong, efficient government

12. Invasions Muslims Magyars from Hungary Vikings from Scandinavia –Farmers ruled by chieftains –Explored, traded, pillaged

13. Feudalism Def. – a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords known as vassals –Land is exchanged for military service Feudal contract – exchange of pledges Fief – estate that may include peasants Liege lord – 1 st lord

14. Contract Protection in exchange for land, peasants, 40 days of military service, money, and sometimes advice

15. Feudal Organizer

16. Knights and Nobles Knight – a mounted warrior Sent at age 7 to father’s lord’s castle –Learn to ride and fight –Learn to maintain armor and weapons Fight with swords, axes, and lances while on horseback –Strict discipline –Laziness was beat out –Dubbed a knight at conclusion of training

17. Noblewomen Took over duties if husband was away Some event went to war Some were involved in politics Widow retain land Don’t typically inherit Dowry – land Women were apprentices as well

18. Chivalry Code of conduct Require bravery, loyalty, and honesty Fight fairly Only applied to nobles Must protect the weak Troubadours – wondering musicians

19. Manor System Lord’s estate Self-sufficient City-state Peasants – serfs- bound to the land –NOT slavery

20. Peasants and Lords Worked certain number of days Repaired fences, roads, bridges, ect Paid inheritance fee Paid mill fee Semi-annual fee (Christmas and Easter) –Paid with goods Guaranteed food, housing, and land

21. Land division Woods and hunting is for the Lord ONLY Land is divided in strips

22. Peasant Life Harsh, long hours Hungry in the winter Few live longer than 35yr. Diet: black bread and veggies –Very little meat –Fish if time allows

23. Section 3 The Medieval Church

24. Role of the Priest Contact of the church Celebrated mass Administered the sacraments Spread teachings of the Church Interpreted the Bible Medical education

25. Village Church Social center Place of worship Lives revolved around the church Village pride Relics Cathedral – church of the bishop

26. Church Women “men and women are equal before God” Women on earth were weak and more likely to sin –Need the guidance of men Protection: –Min. age for marriage –Men could be fined for abuse Women had harsher punishments

27. Monasteries and Convents Benedictine Rule – vows –Obedience to the head of the convent or monastery –Poverty –chastity Daily division of activities Scientists Hospitals, schools, orphanages, shelters, hotels

28. Church Power Secular – worldly Medieval popes claim papal supremacy Popes have their own army Bishops & archbishops = nobles –Each has own land and army Church officials & secular rulers are interlinked = family/association

29. Doctrine on Salvation Do good works Believe in Christ Participate in the sacraments –Give church power Excommunication – kicked out of the church Interdict – excommunication of a region Canon Laws –Laws passed by the courts –Court system

30. Corruption & Reform Wealth & power reduce discipline Priest allowed to marry Priesthood – inherited

31. Pope Gregory VII Outlaw marriage Eliminated secular involvement Prohibits simony – the selling of church offices

32. Monk Orders Friars – traveling monks St. Francis of Assisi –Founded the Franciscans –Preached poverty, humility, and love of God St. Dominic –Dominican order –Combat heresies

33. Women in the Order Dominican Nuns Poor Clares –Only allow wealthy women for dowries Beguines – poor women

34. Jews of the Middle Ages Spain – center religious tolerance –Many Jews Christians blame Jews for any problems –Many move to E. Europe

35. Section 4 Economic Recovery

36. Agri. Revolution Plows, horses –Allow more land to be farmed Lords have more land cleared Creation of 3-field system –Grain, legume, unplanted

37. Trade results Cities form around trade route due to lack of war/invasion Charter – permission and rules for a new town –Requires yearly fee

38. Commercial Revolution Capital and credit are used Partnerships – groups of merchants Use of insurance Tenant farming begins

39. Middle Class Merchants, traders, artisans Unhappy nobles and clergy

40. Guilds Groups of merchants and artisans Unions Somewhat of a government –Taxes, laws, financial spending for the city Guild Training –7 – become an apprentice –7 years of training –Result as a journeymen

41. Women in Guilds Ownership/membership Craft of father or husband Inherit business Control certain goods

42. Cities of the Middle Ages Overcrowded Narrow streets Fire hazards Division of guilds Trash filled streets

43. Chapter 8 Section 1 Unification of Regions

44. Royal Power Early monarchs have little power Noble and church have power –Courts, taxes, armies Monarchs –Establish courts and bureaucracies –Tax systems –Armies –Relationships w/ Middle class

45. England Conquered by Anglo-Saxons 1066 – King Edward died w/o an heir Harold – chosen by nobles William – Duke of Normandy claims throne –Gets army and support of Pope –Won @ Battle of Hastings –Became William the Conqueror

46. Royal Power of William Fiefs given to Church and French Lords, AKA barons Required ALL vassals to make him liege lord Census in 1086 –Domesday Book Castle, fields, pigpens

47. Legal System of Henry II 1154 – Henry II takes throne –Sent out justices –Common law – a legal system based on custom and court rulings –Jury system Jury – men sworn to tell the truth

48. Church vs. Gov’t Henry II claims right to put clergy on trial

49. Evolving Gov’t King John –Lost lands in France to King Philip II of France –Innocent III excommunicates John Interdicts England –Magna Carta 1215 – great charter Forced by nobles 1) Nobles get rights 2) Set the monarch under the law Included due process of law Also had habeas corpus

50. Development of Parlaiment Great Council Legislative Branch 1295 – Edward I asked Parliament to approve $ for wars in France

51. Monarchs of France Capetian Kings – 300 years of rule –Hugh Capet elected –Makes throne hereditary –Gained lands by playing nobles against each other –Set up an effective bureaucracy –Gain support of church and Middle class

52. Philip II Gave gov’t positions to middle class Gave charters for new towns Extended French lands

53. Louis IX Persecuted heretics and Jews Led knights in 2 crusades Declared a saint Expanded court system Ended serfdom Outlawed private laws

54. Philip IX vs. Pope Boniface VIII Taxation of clergy Pope escapes capture

55. Pope vs. Pope 1305 – French Pope elected –Moves capital to French Border Another pope is elected in Rome The fight for power

56. Estates General 3 body system –Clergy, nobles, and townsfolk

57. The Crusades  a series of wars fought between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land Council of Clermont  Pope Urban II calls for a Crusade to free the Holy Land Create a Crusade Graphic Organizer

58. Pope Urban II’s Reasons Increase power Heal the split in the church Christians fighting Muslims and not other Christians