1. Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping Encouragement DeterrenceInfluence Nonviolence Independence Primacy of Internal Conflict Actors Nonpartisanship UDHR & IHL Confidence Building Conscious Visibility Protection Capacity Building Multi-Level Diplomacy PROACTIVE PRESENCE

2. MPT How Does Proactive Presence Work? DETERRENCE Decision Makers (Worried about Int’l Image) Perpetrators of Violence (Worried about witnesses) Targeted Civilians Chain of Command International Pressure X

3. MPT How Does Proactive Presence Work? DETERRENCE Decision Makers (Worried about Int’l Image) Perpetrators of Violence (Worried about witnesses) Targeted Civilians Chain of Command International Pressure X X

4. Why Abusers Pay Attention Personal or political reputation Access to political and economic benefits– goods, money, political support, weapons… International prosecution; avoiding blame; sustaining options for a political career. ‘Comparative image’ relative to opponents Ideological alliances Orders from superior officers Individual moral concerns

5. Unarmed Civilian Peacekeeping Encouragement DeterrenceInfluence Nonviolence Independence Primacy of Internal Conflict Actors Nonpartisansh ip UDHR & IHL Confidence Building Conscious Visibility Protection Capacity Building Multi-Level Diplomacy PROACTIVE PRESENCE