1. Memory Objective’s for Today’s Class: What are some types of memories?
How can we retrieving memories?

2. Let’s Share Some Memories!
What kinds of things do you remember?

3. What do you remember? Two types of long-term memories
Declarative Memories (Explicit)
Memories with conscious recall
Memories for facts
Procedural Memories (Implicit)
Memories without conscious recall
Memories for actions, skills, and operations
ASK CLASS FOR SOME TYPES OF MEMORIES: What kinds of things do they remember?
Based on how information is stored and retrieved, psychologists have made a number of distinctions among types of long-term memories.

4. Declarative Memory The ability to state a fact
These memories are learned quickly but compared to procedural memories they are more likely to be forgotten over the long term
Examples:
Being able to tell someone your phone number
The meaning of the word “consciousness”

5. Two Types of Declarative Memories
Semantic Memory
Contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned
Memories of general principles, facts, rules and ideas.
Episodic Memory
Made up of chronologically, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences

6. Episodic Memory Who was the first person you kissed?
What was your favorite toy in childhood?
Memories for specific events
Includes details of when and where the events happened
Help us construct a sense of self

7. Procedural Memory
It is the repository of motor skills and habits such as handwriting or driving.
These skills are essential part of our memory store, but it is difficult to describe the "know-how" in words.
In this sense the memory is said to be implicit or non-declarative …you just cannot explain how to ride a bicycle.

8. The skills may be difficult to acquire, but once learned they are never forgotten, even without occasional practice

9. How do we get information back out?
Retrieval
How do we get information back out?

10. What Influences Retrieval?
What’s the difference between Jeopardy and Who wants to be a millionaire?
Which game would you prefer to play? Why?
Both games are examples of retention

11. How Do We Test Memory?
Recognition is a method of testing memory by asking someone to choose the correct item from a set of alternatives.
Example- True-false, multiple choice and matching tests
Recall: essay or short-answer tests
Recognition: multiple-choice, true-false, matching tests
Recall measure of retention: requires people to produce information on their own
Recognition measure of retention: requires people to select previously learned information from an array of options
Retrieval Cues:
Stimuli that help gain access to memories – such as hints, related information, or partial recollections
Context cues often make retrieval of information easier

12. Recognition Task
The next time you see someone at a party who is having trouble walking properly, you might say, "He has had too much to drink, and it went right to his _____________________.”
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe

13. How is Information Retrieved?
Free Recall is a method of testing memory by asking someone to produce certain items without substantial hints (Lefton & Brannon, 323).
Example- fill-in-the-blank, short-answer or essays exams

14. How many items can you remember?

15. Traffic
Elephant
Circus
Kitty
Music
Jibbyness
Moon
Bull
Ocean
Bicycle
Fantastic
Courageous
Lobster
Friend

16. Words positioned at the beginning and the end of a list are most likely to be remembered, a phenomenon called the serial position effect.
Also, any unusual stimuli have a greater chance of being recalled, a phenomenon called the von Restorff effect (Hunt & Lamb, 2001).

17. Here’s a HINT…
Cued Recall is a method of testing memory by asking someone to produce a certain item after being given a hint

19. Can you name some songs from the 80’s and 90’s?
What type of memory activity is this?
Can you name some songs from the 80’s and 90’s?

20. How come I can remember the words to a song from 10 years ago?

21. How about some T.V shows from the 80’s and 90’s?

22. T.V Trivia Name that show!

23. Where were you…?

24. Flashbulb Memories
Unusually vivid and detailed memory for circumstances at the time of dramatic event.
These are emotionally significant memories
Highly detailed and long-lasting
Memory of Princess Diana’s death
Memory of the 9-11 attack
Memory of the Challenger explosion
Memory of JFK’s assassination
Not a unique type of memory – they are just very vivid.

25. How Can You Improve Your Memory?

26. Encoding Specificity Principle
The associations you form at the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues
Mood congruence
If you experience something while you’re in a particular mood – you are more likely to think of it again when you are in the same mood
State-dependent retrieval
The tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning
State-dependent memory
The tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning
If you learn something in one location – you may forget it when tested in another location
If you experience something while you’re in a particular mood – you are more likely to think of it again when you are in the same mood
If you want to remember something at a particular time and place – make your study conditions as similar as possible to the test conditions

27. Mnemonic Devices
Any memory aid that is based on encoding each item in a special way
Use silly images
The sillier the image the more effectively you will remember it
Use pleasant images
Your brain often blocks out unpleasant images
Use vivid colorful images
They are easier to remember than boring ones
Use all your senses to code information
Mnemonics can contain sounds, smells, tastes, touch, movements, feelings, and pictures
Silly images:
Exaggerate the size of important parts of the image
Use humor
Rude or sexual rhymes are very difficult to forget

28. Verbal Mnemonics Word associations (i.e., acronyms or acrostics)
Example:
ROY G BIV (acronym for colors of the spectrum)
King Philip Came Over For Good Sex (acrostic for order of taxonomy in biology)
Acronym:
ROY G BIV: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet (colors of the spectrum)
HOMES: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior (the great lakes)
Acrostic:
Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach or
King Philip Came Over For Good Sex
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (for order of taxonomy in biology)
Every good boy deserves fudge
EGBDF (notes on a piano)
Examples of rhymes:
Thirty days has September, April, June and November. When short February’s done. All the rest have 31.
Learning the ABCs to the tune of twinkle, twinkle little star
“I before E except after C”
In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue
Righty tighty lefty losey
Mi crooked letter, crooked letter, i, crooked letter, crooked letter, i, hump back, hump back, i.
Method of Loci
Involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations
First you memorize a series of objects along a familiar route (you imagine your morning walk from your bedroom to the bathroom to the kitchen to the front door)
As you image the route, you visualize objects along the route (the bed, the bathroom door, the shower, the stairs, the stove, etc…)
Each of these place becomes a spot for something to be remembered (for example, a dozen eggs lined up on the bed; a bag of apples hanging from the bathroom door, butter in the soap dish in the shower, etc…)
When you think about the old household objects… it should remind you of the new objects

29. Verbal Mnemonics Narrative stories and rhymes Examples of rhymes:
Thirty days has September, April, June and November. When short February’s done. All the rest have 31.
Red sun at night – sailors delight, red sun in the morning – sailors take warning
Righty tighty lefty loosey
Learning the ABCs to the tune of twinkle, twinkle little star
Other examples:
I before E except after C, except when sounding like A as in neighbor or weigh
Spelling Mississippi – M I crooked letter, crooked letter, I, crooked letter, crooked letter, I, humped back, humped back, I
Red sun at night – sailors delight, red sun in the morning – sailors take warning
1492 Columbus Sailed the Ocean Blue
(Animaniacs singing about the presidents)
(Conjunction junction)
(Telegram – School House Rock!)

30. How Should You Study?
Distributed practice is better than massed practice
Ten 1-hour blocks is better than one 10-hour block
You should continue to rehearse the material after you first appear to have mastered it
Skimming or speed-reading will not promote long-term retention

31. How Should You Study?
Active is better than passive (allows you to engage in deeper processing)
Writing out a detailed outline is better than passively reading over notes
Try to relate material to your own life and experience rather than just memorizing material
The better organized you are – the better you learn and remember

32. Next Class Why do we forget?