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Learning Operant Conditioning. Operant vs. Classical Conditioning ✤ Both associative types of learning & involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous.

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Presentation on theme: "Learning Operant Conditioning. Operant vs. Classical Conditioning ✤ Both associative types of learning & involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous."— Presentation transcript:

1 Learning Operant Conditioning

2 Operant vs. Classical Conditioning ✤ Both associative types of learning & involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization & discrimination ✤ Classical: an organism associates different stimuli that it does not control & responds AUTOMATICALLY ✤ Operant: an organism associates its behaviors (those that act on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli) with their CONSEQUENCES

3 Operant Conditioning ✤ Question #1: ✤ Do you want this particular behavior to CONTINUE? ✤ Yes = you will REINFORCE the behavior. ✤ No = you will PUNISH the behavior.

4 Operant Conditioning ✤ Question #2: ✤ Are you adding something to the environment or subtracting something from the environment? ✤ Addition = Positive Reinforcement (appetitive) & Positive Punishment (aversive) ✤ Subtraction = Negative Reinforcement (aversive) & Negative Punishment (appetitive)

5 Operant Conditioning Appetitive :) (Something desired) Aversive :( (Something not desired) Addition to environ. Positive Reinforcement (Businessman meets quota & receives bonus) Positive Punishment (Little kid runs into the street & gets spanked) Subtraction from environ. Negative Punishment (Time-out from something fun) Negative Reinforcement (Tylenol for a headache) Stimulus Behavior

6 Continuous vs. Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement ✤ Continuous: learning occurs rapidly, this reinforcement is preferable until a behavior is mastered; however, extinction also happens more rapidly ✤ Intermittent: learning is slower, but it produces greater resistance to extinction

7 Reinforcement Schedules ✤ Fixed-Ratio Schedule: dependent on the behavior itself- a certain number of behaviors are necessary before reinforcement occurs (punch cards) ✤ Variable-Ratio Schedule: reinforcement after an unpredictable # of responses (slot machines) ✤ Fixed-Interval Schedule: involves a time element- time must pass before reinforcement will occur (expecting a delivery) ✤ Variable-Interval Schedule: reinforces the first response after varying time intervals (checking email)

8 Classical or Operant?

9

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