1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
PsychSmart
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

2. CHAPTER FIVE:
LEARNING

3. Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience

4. Classical Conditioning
What is learning?
How do we learn to form associations between stimuli and responses?

5. What is Classical Conditioning?
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
Ivan Pavlov

6. What is Classical Conditioning?
Neutral stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response
(CR)
Figure 1 of Chapter 5

7. How Do Conditioning Principles Apply to Human Behavior?
“Little Albert”
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920)
Phobias

8. Extinction of a Conditioned Response
Occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
Spontaneous Recovery
Reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning

9. Extinction of a Conditioned Response
Acquisition, Extinction, & Spontaneous
Recovery in Classical Conditioning
Figure 2 of Chapter 5

10. Generalization and Discrimination
Stimulus Generalization
Occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination
Occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another such that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not

11. Operant Conditioning
What is the role of reward and punishment in learning?
What are some practical methods for bringing about behavior change—both in ourselves and in others?

12. Operant Conditioning
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

13. How Operant Conditioning Works
Reinforcement
A process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
Reinforcer
Primary
Secondary

14. How Operant Conditioning Works
Positive Reinforcers
Stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
Negative Reinforcers
Unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated

15. How Operant Conditioning Works
Punishment
Stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again
Positive punishment
Adding something
Negative punishment
Removing something

16. How Operant Conditioning Works
Reinforcement and Punishment
Figure 3 of Chapter 5

17. Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Reinforced every time it occurs
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
Reinforced some but not all of the time

18. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses.
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Occurs after a varying number of responses
Figure 4 of Chapter 5

19. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed
Overall rates of response are relatively low.
Variable-Interval Schedule
The time between reinforcements varies based on an average rather than being fixed.

20. Discrimination and Generalization in Operant Conditioning
Stimulus control training
Behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence.
Discriminative stimulus
Signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response

21. Shaping: Reinforcing What Doesn’t Come Naturally
Process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Animal training
Complex human skills

22. Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning
Figure 5 of Chapter 5

23. Behavior Analysis and Behavior Modification
Techniques
Identify goals and target behaviors
Design a data-recording system and record preliminary data
Select a behavior-change strategy
Implement the program
Keep careful records after the program is implemented
Evaluate and alter the ongoing program

24. Cognitive Approaches to Learning
Can all learning be explained by operant and classical conditioning processes?
What is the role of cognition and thought in learning?

25. Cognitive Learning Theory
An approach that states that learning is best understood in terms of thought processes, or cognitions
People develop an expectation that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response.

26. Latent Learning
New behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
Learning occurs without reinforcement.

27. Observational Learning: Learning Through Imitation
Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model
The social cognitive approach to learning
Albert Bandura

28. Violence in Television and Video Games: Does the Media’s Message Matter?
Recent research supports the claim that watching high levels of media violence makes viewers more susceptible to acting aggressively.

29. Does Culture Influence How We Learn?
Relational learning style
People master material best through exposure to a full unit or phenomenon.
Analytical learning style
People master material best when they can carry out an initial analysis of the principles and components underlying a phenomenon or situation.

30. Does Culture Influence How We Learn?
Analytical versus Relational Approaches to Learning
Figure 7 of Chapter 5