1. Organelle Structure and function
Advanced Higher Biology
Cell and molecular Biology

2. Activity Copy and complete the following table organelle Structure
Function
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Nucleolus

3. Activity Copy and complete the following table. organelle Structure
Function
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth E. R.
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Lysosomes

4. Activity Copy and complete the following table organelle Structure
Function
Nuclear envelope
Cilia
Centrioles

5. Nucleus

6. Function of the nucleus
Acts as the control centre of the cell through the production of mRNA and protein synthesis
Retain genetic material of the cell (DNA / chromosomes)
Manufacture rRNA and ribosomes
Start the process of cell division

7. Structure of Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores
Controls entry and exit of materials
Contain reactions
Outer membrane continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear pores
Passage of large molecules (mRNA) out of nucleus

8. Structure of Nucleus Nucleoplasm Chromatin nucleolus
DNA and associated proteins, chromatin condenses into chromosomes when the cell divides.
nucleolus
Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

9. Chloroplasts

10. Structure and Function of Chloroplasts
Chloroplast envelope
Entry and exit of substances
Stroma
Enzymes for the light independent stages of photosynthesis
Grana (thylakoids/lamellae)
Light dependent stage of photosynthesis
Starch grains
Temporary stores of carbohydrates

11. Mitochondria

12. Function of Mitochondria
Site of Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic respiration
Production of energy rich ATP molecules from carbohydrates

13. Structure of Mitochondria
Double membrane
Inner membrane folded into cristae which provide a large surface area for attachment of stalked particles (contain enzymes involved in ATP synthesis)
Matrix
DNA, enzymes and mitochondrial ribosomes

14. Endoplasmic reticulum

15. Endoplasmic reticulum
Membranes spreading through the cytoplasm of cells, continuous with the nuclear membrane
Enclose flattened sacs called cisternae
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes present on outer surface of membrane
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
No ribosomes, tubular in appearance.

16. Function of endoplasmic reticulum
RER
Provide LSA for synthesis of proteins
Provides a pathway for the transport of materials (esp. proteins) throughout the cell.
SER
Synthesis, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates
Contains lytic enzymes (liver cells)

17. Ribosomes

18. Structure and function of ribosomes
Two types
80S – eukaryotic cells
70S – prokaryotic cells
Make up 25% of dry mass of cell
Important in protein synthesis

19. Golgi Apparatus

20. Functions of Golgi Apparatus
Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produces secretory enzymes
Secretes carbohydrates
Transports, modifies and stores lipids
Forms lysosomes

21. Lysosomes

22. Functions of Lysosomes
Destroy foreign material inside or outside the cell.
Breakdown material ingested by phagocytic cells
Release enzymes outside the cell
Digest worn out organelles (autophagy)
Autolysis break down cells after they have died.

23. Cell surface (plasma) membrane

24. Functions of cell surface membrane
Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
Forms a recognition site for immune system
Receptor sites for specific hormones and neurotransmitters
Folded to form villi (LSA)
Helps cells attach to one another and forms tissues

25. Cilia

26. Structure and function of cilia
Threads that extend from cell surface
Made of nine sets of 3 microtubules
Move an entire organism
Move material within an organism
E.g. cilia lining respiratory tract move mucus towards the throat.

27. Centrioles

28. Structure and function of centrioles
Hollow cylinders of microtubules
Microtubules form spindle fibres for nuclear division
Maybe involved in formation of microtubules that make up cells cytoskeleton