1. MOTIVATION & EMOTION

2. HUNGRY? What motivates you to eat? Is it physiological (physical) factors or psychological (mental) factors? Could it be a combination of both? Did the pictures in the previous slides make you hungry? If they did, then you were psychologically motivated.

3. HUNGRY? How could Need for Achievement have impacted the lives of these people?

4. Motivation is an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

5. FOUR THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Instincts Drive-Reduction Theory Incentive theory Cognitive theory

6. We are motivated by a variety of instincts (innate tendencies that determine behavior) INSTINCT THEORY early 1900’s. Do not explain behavior; simply label it

7. We have needs that produce drives (an internal condition that orients an individual toward a specific goal) Drive-Reduction Theory Biological needs drive us to action. We are motivated/driven to reduce our needs. Hunger drives us to eat Fatigue drives us to rest Focuses on physiological needs

8. It’s more than just a DRIVE…… Infant attachment to their mothers Drive-Reduction Theory: Hunger & Thirst Harry Harlow proved that a loving, comforting touch (contact comfort) motivated monkeys more than hunger or thirst. Incentives (things we learn to value) are a key to motivation

9. INCENTIVE THEORY Incentives are an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior Hunger may cause you to walk to the café (drive). The incentive is the cheese steak. Drives and Incentives work together

10. COGNITIVE THEORY Actions are the result of Intrinsic & extrinsic motivations Intrinsic: comes from within. We engage in behaviors because they are personally rewarding Extrinsic: comes from outside. We engage in behaviors that reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards

11. Biological Needs - physiological requirements necessary for survival Social Needs – psychological needs acquired through learning and experience Studies showed that Obese people eat because of external (social) cues more than normal weight people. What influences our eating habits?

12. BIOLOGICAL/PHYSIOLOGICAL HUNGER FACTORS Our body and brain send cues that cause us to eat. The stomach, liver, and intestines send hunger cues The hypothalamus in the brain receives the cues from your organs and signals you to eat. GENETIC HUNGER FACTORS Inherited instructions found in our genes. Determine metabolic rate Everyone has a set point (a certain level of body fat that our bodies strive to maintain constant throughout our lives) SOCIAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL HUNGER FACTORS Things you learn about eating Ex. Eating while watching television Ex. Peer pressure to stay a certain weight

13. Need for Achievement = Social Motive Desire to set challenging goals and persist in trying to reach those goals What role does it play in the life of a high school student? Fear of Failure = Social motivate How can fear of failure impact your motivation?

14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Which needs to we satisfy first?

15. EMOTIONS Emotion is a set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior.

16. Motivation & Emotion Motivation is the source of our behavior. Emotion is the feelings associated with our behavior. Emotions can function as motivation i.e. Hit someone because you are angry i.e. do it because it makes you happy

17. Four Components of Emotion 1.Interpret, appraise some stimulus (ex. Shark = serious threat) 2. Experience a feeling (fear, terror) 3. Physiological response (heart rate or breathing change) 4. Show observable behaviors (cry, panic, freeze)

18. There is a large debate on the order that the four basic components occur in. Therefore, we have different theories on Emotion. 1.Physiological Theories 1.Cognitive Theories

19. Physiological Theories of Emotion Main Belief – Emotions derive from physical changes in the body Physiological changes MAY NOT CAUSE emotions but they certainly increase their intensity. i.e. fear heightened when heart races (panic attack)

20. Physiological Theories James-Lange theory: Physiological (bodily) reactions cause you to feel fear, sorrow, or anger Cannon-Bard theory: physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously (your heart begins pounding as you experience fear; one does not cause the other)

21. Cognitive Theories of Emotion Main Belief – Emotions result from mental processes and physiological changes working together Schachter-Singer (two-factor) theory: physical arousal and the cognitive label occur at the same time; the emotion comes later

22. Universal Facial Expressions Paul Ekman – some facial expressions are universal & few of us (10 – 20%) could hide true emotions Anger Fear Sadness Surprise Happiness Disgust Contempt How can this information help us in life?

23. Sex & Motivation Is the desire to have sex biologically motivated, socially motivated, or both? Sex glands secrete hormones that control sexual interest (Biological) status, peer pressure, money (Social)

24. MALEFEMALE More interested in sex; initiate and think about sex more often Less interested in sex Want sex with more partnersNot as interested in sex with many partners Desire sex without emotional commitment Desire sex with emotional commitment Focus on youth and physical attractiveness when choosing a sex partner Focus on social and economic status when choosing a sex partner Feel more jealous when partner is physically unfaithful Feel more jealous when partner is emotionally unfaithful GENDER INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL MOTIVATION