1. Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen (TFRN) Update and Proposals for revision of Annex IX of the Gothenburg Protocol Mark Sutton and Oene Oenema (co-chairs TFRN) WGSR-46, 14 April 2010

2. Fertilizer manufacture Atmospheric N 2 fixed to reactive nitrogen (N R ) NRNR Crops for food & animal feed NRNR Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Ammonia (NH 3 ) Leached Nitrate (NO 3 - ) Further emission of NO x & N 2 O carrying on the cascade Livestock farming Natural ecosystems Ammonium nitrate in rain (NH 4 NO 3 ) Nitrate in Streamwaters The Nitrogen Cascade TFRN is developing the integrated perspective needed to manage the interactions

3. TFRN Elements EP Mitigating Agricultural Nitrogen (EPMAN) – Annex IX and Guidance Doc. EP Nitrogen Budgets – developing framework and future guidance document. EP Nitrogen & Food – links between diet choice, N and environment. Scenarios. Nitrogen & Climate – Special Report for WGSR-47 and EB during 2010 – highlighting the co-benefits of an integrated approach.

4. A.Advisory code of good agricultural practice B.Urea and ammonium carbonate fertilizers: ban on ammonium carbonate fertilizers; no quantitative targets for urea fertilizers C.Manure application: soft target >30% reduction from reference method in the Guidance Doc. D.Manure storage: large pig & poultry farms: firm target >40% reduction for new stores E.Animal housing: large pig & poultry farms: firm target > 20% reduction for new housing Current Annex IX of Gothenburg Protocol

5. What are the main sources of NH 3 emission?. Oenema et al., 2008 Plus 10% from fertilizers + 10% from other sources Livestock

6. It is clear that more can be done… Only a few countries have so far implemented existing technical capability A long-term perspective encouraging gradual change may be needed

7. TFRN documents to WGSR-46 Provided for this meeting: Annex IX options (ECE/EB.AIR/WG.5/2010/5) Report of TFRN-3, including explanation of Annex IX options (ECE/EB.AIR/WG.5/2010/4) Appendix I: Simple method for farm size thresholds Appendix II: Alternative detailed approach for thresholds based on manure nitrogen Informal Note 11: Factors affecing net costs and benefits of ammonia abatement

8. -Nitrogen management, considering the whole N cycle -Livestock feeding strategies -Animal housing, including cattle housing -Manure storage, including those for cattle manure -Manure spreading, including those for cattle manure -Mineral fertilizer use, including urea, ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulphate -Possibility for a “Pick and Mix” approach Proposals for Updated and New measures in Annex IX

9. Livestock population Manure application Livestock feeding Manure in housings Manure storages NH 3 Fertilizer application NH 3 Grazing animals Humans’ quest for animal protein Sequence of processes that affect total NH 3 emissions Measures of proposed/revised Annex IX 1, Nitrogen management: affect all sources 2. Livestock feeding strategies; affect all manure sources 3. Animal housing systems:affect one source 4. Manure storage systems;affect one source 5. Manure applicationaffect one source, but cumulative 6. Fertilizer application:affect one source

10. Ammonia Guidance Document and Category 1, 2, 3 techniques The Guidance Document for ammonia lists 3 categories of techniques: –Category 1: well proven methods –Category 2: sound, but some uncertainties –Category 3: problems and not recommended Category 2 and 3 methods may be used to meet Annex IX commitments, but suitable verification should be provided by the Party. Guidance document being updated. Drafts on TFRN Website: Revised versions after TFRN-4 (11-13 May 2010, Prague)

11. A.Technically feasible options that reflect a high level of ambition in reducing NH 3 emissions, while remaining cost effective B.Technically feasible options that reflect a moderate level of ambition, as well as being cost effective; C.Technically feasible options that reflect a modest level of ambition, as well as being cost effective; Three ambition levels

12. Farm Size Thresholds -Medium and large farms (future economic development) -Small farms (few animals per farm and different economics) Options for scaling farm size (TFRN-3 Appendices I & 2): -Number of livestock units on the farm -Amount of N excreted by housed animals on the farm Other Threshold Options (e.g., equipment standards for manure spreading) Use of thresholds to vary ambition levels of Options A-C

13. Decisions needed from WGSR on thresholds approaches Threshold Indicator Number of Livestock units on each farm Total N excretion of housed livestock on each farm DescribedTFRN-3: App ITFRN-3: App II Benefits Simple to calculate Available statistics Costings easier More accurate and equitable indicator Disadvantages N excretion technically superior Harder to apply detailed method Additional resources needed to develop and estimate costings Specific Proposals To use the simpler approach (Appendix I), unless WGSR expresses a preference otherwise To investigate supporting thresholds based on equipment standards for manure spreading (e.g. simple exemption for small slurry tankers)

14. Threshold for cattle farming (~50% agric NH 3 )  50 livestock units: 13% of farms in EU; 72% of cattle  100 livestock units: 6% of farms in EU; 50% of cattle Threshold for pig farming (~20% agric NH 3 ) following EU-IPPC regulations:  Sows 750  Fattener Pigs: 2000 Threshold for poultry farming (~15% NH 3 ) following EU-IPPC regulations:  40,000 broilers /laying hens ~70% of EU poultry in EU Selecting thresholds Covering ~20% of pigs in EU Overall IPPC covers 13% agric NH 3 Specific Proposals For cattle farms: use threshold of 50 livestock units, unless certain parties request to use100 livestock units (e.g. for EECCA countries). TFRN consider a second pig threshold for simple basic measures 25% decrease → 3% NH 3 reduction 25% decrease → 3% NH 3 reduction

15. Good Nitrogen Management  Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and Nitrogen Input- Output Balances (NIOB) proposed as indicators for integrated N management at farm level  A-C Options proposed initially for demonstration farms Livestock Feeding Strategies  Protein content of animal feed and emission potential of the excreta as indicators for housed animals  A-C Options proposed for medium and large farms Farm-specific targets listed in the Ammonia Guidance Document on the basis of a transparent calculation program. (see TFRN website) Nitrogen management & livestock feeding

16. Animal housing  Applies to new housing only  A-C Options have specific achievable targets for cattle, pig, poultry, other.  For pigs: a specific relaxation to Option A, B, applies to areas with defined warm climate Manure Storage  Options A-C given for new slurry stores  Well-established methods listed in the Guidance Doc.  Only option C applies for existing stores  Solid manure: no mandatory options agreed Animal housing & Manure Storage

17. Slurry spreading: a wide range of low-emission techniques are available The car and the exhaust pipe… Splash Plate Spreader - 1950s technology Trailing Shoe Slot Injector Trailing Hose

18.  Low-emission spreading methods, such as band spreading and slurry injection have been shown to be cost-effective.  Proposed to phase out the unabated, surface application of slurry: according to three levels of ambition (A-C). Targets and Options  Alternative technologies can be included subject to verification by adopting Parties, e.g. “Application Timing Management Systems” (ATMS) and slurry dilution.  Other exemptions apply for specific soil types, solid manure applied to cropped land, etc.  Possibility for additional simple exemption for small slurry tankers Land application of animal manure

19.  No prohibition on urea use is proposed because of market interactions and the availability of low- emission methods.  Quantitative urea targets are proposed for Options A-C that match to available techniques for fertilizer application.  New targets for ammonium sulphate and ammonium phosphate based fertilizers applied to calcareous soils (subject to confirmation by results of new field tests) Urea and ammonia-based fertilizers PROPOSED OPTIONS

20. TFRN Option B compared with Current Plans Current Reduction Plans are mainly modest ambition TFRN Option B gives significant additional reduction BE, NL, DK show that much more can be done if there is willingness Zig Klimont, IIASA Current Reduction

21.  Option A has the potential to reduce NH 3 emissions by 30-50%: already by NL and DK.  The most cost-effective measures:  Nitrogen management,  Livestock feeding strategies and  Low-emissions manure application to fields  Ongoing work  Completing of revised Guidance Document.  More detailed calculations, for all options, still have to be made by IIASA.  Overview of cost interactions: Informal Doc. 11 Concluding Remarks Invitation to TFRN-4 11-13 May 2010, Prague Thanks to Czech Ministry of Agriculture

22. 1.Does WGSR disagree with the proposed approach for setting farm size thresholds? (e.g. animal numbers rather than N excretion) 2.Are the options A-C suitably ambitous? (e.g. all options, even A, are less than MFR) 3.Are different target dates, thresholds or ambition levels requested by EECCA countries? Questions to WGSR