1. RE-THINKING ENERGY HIØ/Værste February 4 2013, Oslo Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and renewable energy Hanne Lerche Raadal, researcher and PhD-candidate Østfoldforskning (Ostfold Research)

2. Short introduction Ostfold Research (Østfoldforskning) Norwegian research company, localised in Fredrikstad Number of staff: 20, annual turnover: approx 22 million NOK Performs applied research and development within Environmental Protection, based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology: Optimal packaging and food products Energy and waste resources Constructions and the service sector Innovation processes Project examples, energy related: Energy Trading and Environment 2020 LCA of gas power, including carbon capture and storage (CCS). Statoil Energy indicators for electricity production. CEDREN LCA of power and heat based on biomass resources. NVE

3. Introduction to LCA Methodology A system analysis according to ISO 14044 a systematic survey and assessment of health, environmental and resource effects throughout the whole life cycle of a product, or product system. Carrying out a Life Cycle Assessment includes: Identifying the entire life cycle of the product, from raw material extraction, through materials processing, use and disposal at the end of the product's life (from "cradle to grave"). Identifying and describing the energy and material uses and releases into the environment from all Processes Transportation steps Defining the functional unit (FU) of the analysis, reflecting the product’s function, efficiency and life span.

4. The life cycle of a product Extraction and processing of raw materials Production of the product Raw material A Raw material B Use and maintenance of the product Waste management Example FU: Production, use and waste management (15 years lifespan)

5. Impact Assessment of the LCA Impact assessment is a process where the potential impacts of the resource requirements and environmental loads are characterised and assessed. –Classification = what environmental impacts do the emissions contribute to? emissions of N 2 O and CH 4 contribute to global warming (just like CO 2 ) –Characterisation = how much is the potential contribution? N 2 O and CH4 have a global warming potential that is 298 and 25 times the global warming potential of CO 2, respectively.

6. Inventory Results Characterisation Results SO 2 NO x HCl etc. NH 3 NO x P etc. CO 2 CH 4 CFCs etc. Acidification potential Eutrophication potential Global warming potential (kg CO 2 -equivalents) More characterisation categories. (ref. Hitch Hicker’s Guide to LCA, Baumann H., Tillman A.M.) Classification

7. Classification and characterisation 1. Resource consumption Non-renewable energy Materials Water Land use 2. Health impacts Toxic effects Occupational Health Psychosomatic effects 3. Environmental Impacts Global warming Ozone depletion Acidification Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) Photochemical oxidation (smog) Ecotoxicological effects Biological diversity 4. Other impacts Other inputs/outputs

8. The life cycle of the generation and use of fuel Extraction and producton of fuelUse stage Life cycle of fuel generation, distribution and use

9. LCA CO 2 -emissions from 1 km driving Petrol engines Gas engines Combustion (engine) Production (fuel) Diesel engines g CO 2 -equiv. / km Fossil 2% and 0.5% CH 4 -loss in the upgrading process

10. The life cycle of the generation and use of electricity Extraction of fuels, production of materials (steel, concrete, etc) Operation of electricity plant Distribution of electricity Use/consumption of electricity Life cycle of electricity generation, distribution and use

11. Life cycle GHG from Wind and Hydro Power Generation GreenHouse Gas (GHG) emissions State of the art study – spring 2010 –Data based on 63/39 analyses, published 1990 - 2010 –Results presented for 1 kWh power generated –Grid distribution not included –Backup system (balance power) not included –Different ”types” of analyses: results for a specific analysed turbine/hydro plant average data for specific wind mills average data from several studies GHG only one of several environmental impact indicators when assessing and evaluating different electricity technologies

12. LCA CO 2 emissions from electricity technologies * Data collected by Ostfold Research. Raadal et al., 2010

13. Average GHG emissions from Norwegian hydropower Data based on: LCAs of electricity generation from 11 Norwegian hydropower stations. Represents 4.3% of the annual Norwegian hydropower generation (NVE) Modahl and Raadal, 2012

14. * Data collected by Ostfold Research. Raadal et al., 2010 LCA CO 2 emissions from electricity technologies

15. IPCC, 2011: IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation Wind power - development

16. LCA of two Norwegian wind power farms Kjøllefjord (Statkraft)Fjeldskår (Agder Energi) 17 turbines, each 2.3 MW 5 turbines, each 0.75 MW Poduction of materials (mainly steel)

17. Wind Power Kjøllefjord Output from LCA software tool (SimaPro) Nacelle (2.6 g) Rotor (3.1 g) Tower (1.9 g) Reinvestments, nacelle (1.2 g) Roads and constructions (1.0 g) Glass- epoxy SteelDiesel 1 kWh (11.0 g CO2-eqv.) Foundation (0.4 g) Waste treatment Steel

18. How to demand and claim specific electricity from a common grid? Traditionally, the choice of electricity supplier has been based on electricity prices alone Environmental profile of the consumed electricity based on geographical locations.

19. Guarantee of Origin (GO): a choice based on the electricity’s origin Tracking system for the electricity’s origin, based on economic transactions.

20. Electricity Disclosure The Electricity Market Directive 2009/72/EC, Article 3(9) –All suppliers of electricity are required to disclose their electricity portfolio with regards to: energy source environmental impacts, specifying –the emissions of CO 2 –the production of radioactive waste Attributes = The disclosed indicators, representing the environmental information associated with the electricity generation processes. Aim of Electricity Disclosure: To provide consumers with relevant information about power generation and to allow for informed consumer choice - not to be based on electricity prices alone. http://www.reliable-disclosure.org/electricity-disclosure/

21. Guarantee of Origin (GO) Defined in the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) –Shall provide proof to a final customer that a given share or quantity of energy was produced from renewable sources as required by Article 3(6) of Directive 2003/54/EC (repealed by Directive 2009/72/EC, The Electricity Market Directive). –Standard size of 1 MWh –Specific information requirements Energy source and start and end dates of production Whether and to what extent the installation has benefited from investment support Etc. Applicable for electricity disclosure

22. Principle of the system GO market Cancellation The traditional electricity product divided into two separate products: 1.The environmental attributes related to the generation of the electricity 2.The physical electricity being delivered. GO = Guarantee of Origin Regulated system – national authorities responsible for monitoring and account keeping, as well as balancing the electricity generation and relating GOs.

23. A growing market EECS = The European Energy Certification System A harmonised system for international trade of Guarantees of Origin (GOs) Source: AIB About 100 TWh from Norway, of which 16 was used in Norway Statistics – EECS certificates 240 TWh 11 % of the power consumption in corresponding countries 29 % of European RES generation

24. Connection GOs and Electricity Disclosure Production Electricity Mix (Country or Region) “Green” customers purchasing GOs “Ordinary” customers, purchasing electricity without any specific requirements Electricity Disclosure Attributes related to the purchased GOs. Attributes related to the Production Electricity Mix, corrected by attributes which have been allocated by other tracking systems (e.g. GOs) = Residual Mix Customers

25. Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat (NVE) The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate

26. Electricity Disclosure for Norwegian electricity consumers Production Electricity Mix (Country or Region) “Green” customers purchasing GOs “Ordinary” customers, purchasing electricity without any specific requirements Information about power generation Customers

27. Short summary LCA gives environmental information about a product’s total value chain, thus not only focusing on separate stages. The environmental profile of different energy carriers, such as electricity and fuels, depends largely on the primary energy source (bio, wind, hydro, coal, oil, natural gas, etc.). It is possible to demand specific electricity (by purchasing Guarantees of Origin) even though you are connected to a common electricity grid. Consumers should always strive to demand environmental preferable products, asking for environmental information from their suppliers.

28. Thank you for listening! Good luck with today’s work

29. Avoiding double counting Double counting: Attributes from the same instance of generated electricity are claimed more than once. The attributes relating to the purchased GOs must be excluded from the Residual Mix. EU financed projects, E-TRACK and RE-DISS: Developed a methodology for a pan- European calculation of Residual Mixes. http://www.reliable-disclosure.org/

30. Source: NVE, before the 11 th of June 2012 ??? Attribute deficit related to 87 TWh Norwegian Residual Mix 2011 Electricity consumption covered by GOs: 16 TWh (13% of total consumption) Electricity consumption covered by Residual Mix: 109 TWh (87% of total consumption) 22 TWh (21%) 128 TWh 90 TWh 87 TWh (79%) Source: RE-DISS,http://www.reliable-disclosure.orghttp://www.reliable-disclosure.org Source: NVE, the 11 th of June 2012 http://www.nve.no/no/Kraftmarked/Sluttb rukermarkedet/Varedeklarasjon1/Varede klarasjon-for-2011/