1. Ancient Egypt: A Glance Back in Time

2. Ancient Egypt
Described as the gift of Egypt, the Nile River was the basis for the great Egyptian civilization. The Egyptian civilization was an advanced one with a strong government a complex writing style and unique beliefs about life and death.

3. The topics being covered around the theme of Ancient Egypt are:
The Old Kingdom
Gods and Serving the Gods
Mummification and Preparing for the afterlife
Pyramids
Great temples
The role of women
Hieroglyphics and hieratic
Rosetta Stone
Art

4. “Man fears time, Yet time fears the pyramids.” -Arab Proverb
The Pyramids of Egypt
“Man fears time,
Yet time fears the pyramids.”
-Arab Proverb
hello, my name is

5. The beginning of pyramids
Ancient Egyptians believed that their dead would travel to the Underworld in their death but only if their body was preserved.
Mastabas were used to protect and honor the dead. A mastaba is a rectangular tomb made of stone.
A Pharaoh named Djoser wanted to have a tomb more spectacular than a normal mastaba. His architect, Imhotep, came up with the 60 meter high Step Pyramid which was six mastabas placed on top of each other in decreasing size. This was an early predecessor of the true pyramid form.
A Pharaoh named Sneferu, a descendant of Djoser, also wanted a spectacular tomb. His architect answered this with the Bent Pyramid, named so because the angle of the pyramid was decreased when half way through its construction faults began to form. The 341 ft tall Red Pyramid is the first true pyramid still remaining.

6. The Great Pyramid of Kufu
Pharaoh Kufu of Cheops built his eternal resting place on the Giza Plateau. He began this project in 2589 B.C. and completed it in 2566 B.C.
When this granite pyramid was first built it was 481 ft including the limestone casing blocks, but toay it stands 449 ft tall. It was the world’s tallest structure for more than 4,00 years until the building of the Eiffel Tower.
Over 2,300,000 blocks of stone each weighing between 2.5 to 9 tons each. These blocks were pulled up mud and brick ramps and then set into place. They were placed together so well that you cannot slip a piece of paper between two stones.
The sides of the pyramid measure 227 meters. Ten entire football fields would fit within the base of the Great Pyramid. It is so accurate that the error margin is less then one percent. Each corner was exactly in line with a cardinal direction (East, West, South, and North).

7. The pyramid of Khafre
Pharaoh Khafre, the son of Pharaoh Kufu, followed in his father’s footsteps and built a pyramid at Giza that was slightly shorter than Kufu’s pyramid. His pyramid complex includes the Sphinx, a Mortuary Temple, and a Valley Temple. His is the only pyramid at Giza that still has the original limestone casing.
This pyramid was built between 2558 and 2532 B.C. and stands at 446 ft although it was originally 471 ft tall.
The exact number of stones used is unknown but each block weighs from 2.5 to 7 tons each.

8. The pyramid of Menkaure
Pharaoh Menkaure, son of Pharaoh Khafre and grandson of Pharaoh Kufu, went along with family tradition and built the third and last pyramid at the Giza complex.
The exact date that this pyramid was built is undetermined but it was more than a thousand years old when Herodotus, a Greek historian, visited the Giza complex.
This pyramid was originally 215 ft tall but now it stands at 203 feet. Each block of stone weighs between 2.5 to 7 tons each.

9. Works Cited
Unknown. “The Great Pyramids.” The Great Pyramids. Date published unknown. < >
(9/30/2003).
Unknown. “Red Pyramid.” Red Pyramid. Unknown publication date.< >
(9/30/2033).
Unknown. “Bent Pyramid.” Bent Pyramid. Unknown publication date.
PBS. “The Pyramids” The Pyramids. Unknown publication date. < >
Unknown. “The Great Pyramids.” The Great Pyramids. Unknown publication date.
< > (9/30/2003).

10. Ancient Egyptian Art
Millie Hardison
10/2/03

11. Ancient Egyptian Art
In the Egyptian form of art called Frontalism the people are always drawn in profile
But the eyes are drawn in full
And the body is drawn from the front
This is an example of ancient Egyptian art and it is draw in fontalism
In this picture there is a noble hunting fowl and cat

12. Ancient Egyptian Art
The Ancient Egyptian also made sculptures
The sculpture to the left is made of wood and is an example of frountalism
The sculpture is named Sheik

13. Ancient Egyptian Art
Later the sculptures were made from stone such as this one
This was known as Menkue and his Queen
This sculpture could not stand freely because of the slight unevenness
It was dated to be older than Sheik
This sculpture was a way to show authority
                     

14. Ancient Egyptian Art Works Sited
Kremen, Lisa. “Understanding Egyptian Art.” Ancient Egypt A History of Art and Culture. 12/17/ n_art.html (2 Sept. 2003).

15. The Old Kingdom
Sunmi Lee 

16. What is the Old Kingdom?
The two kingdoms (Upper Egypt- south & Lower Egypt- north) were unified by King Narmer, Menes
about B.C.
The pyramid age (3rd to 6th dynasties) of ancient Egypt
Ruling family (power passed one dynasty to another)
Pharaohs- Egyptian rulers (believed to be a god)

17. A Strong Government

18. Beliefs on after life Pyramids Tombs for eternity
Provided dead kings with everything they would need in their new lives (clothes, jewelries, or even slaves)
All made by human
Take a long time to built that pharaoh even begins to make his tomb right after he gets power

19. The Afterlife
Hope Scott

20. Preparation for the Afterlife
Burials customs for Egyptians called that the body be preserved. This process was given ample time once it was known that a ruler might die
The afterlife was to be the same as the life you lived on earth.

21. Supplies for the Afterlife
Since the afterlife was considered to be a continuation of your life on earth, everyday materials were supplied in the tomb
Materials such as writing supplies, clothing, wigs, hairdressing supplies and other tools
Food was also provided for the deceased daily, by it magically transforming to the model that was drawn on the walls of the tomb
There were also blessings written on the wall, so that they would be said once the owner got the food.

22. Shabtis
After the annual floods of the Nile, the population of Egypt was subject to compulsory labor on the irrigation system
Shabtis was a statuette that took the place of ones labor in the afterlife so the deceased person would not have labor
The Shabtis was placed in tombs around the Middle Kingdom( BC).
During the third intermediate period, Shabtis was placed in a special box, in the tomb.

23. Parts of Personality XAt: Mummy in the tomb, after the house of ba
kA: The double individual of the person, printed as a duplicate in the tomb
Ax: The transfigured spirit, which was transferred after the funeral rituals were completed
Rn: Name of the person, which was in scripted on the funerary texts, on papyrus or the tomb walls
Swt: Protected the individual from harm
Ba: Human Headed bird

24. Works Cited
O’Brian, Alexandra A. “Death in Ancient Egypt” Oriental Institute Research Archives (30 Sept 2003) .

25. Egyptian Mummification
By Chandler Knight

26. What is Mummification?
The preservation of a body, either human or animal.
There are 3 ways a mummy can be preserved and they are wet, frozen, or dried.

27. Why Egyptians were Mummified
The physical body, shadow, name, ka (spirit), ba (personality), and the akh (immortality).
These are the 6 aspects that Egyptians believed to be important.
Each aspect played an important role in the well being of an individual. Each was crucial to achieve rebirth into afterlife.
The Egyptians believed that by mummifying their dead they were assuring the person a successful journey into the afterlife.

28. How the Bodies were Mummified
By eliminating the bodies moisture you eliminate decay.
By using Natron (a salt mixture) they dried the bodies.
Natron- natural substance found in the Nile River
Natrons four salts
Sodium carbonate- dried the body by drawing out the water
Sodium bicarbonate- increase the pH in the body which kills bacteria when subjected to any kind of moisture.
Sodium chloride
Sodium sulfate

29. Egyptian Gods
By: Ligon Brooks

30. Ra Sun God, King of the Gods
Ra is sees as a falcon with a sun disk on its head or a man with a falcon’s head

31. Osiris
God of the dead
Osiris is shone dressed in white with crook and flail and green skin
Husband to Isis and father of Horus

32. Isis Queen of Goddess Shown with a crown on her head
Wife of Osiris and mother of Horus

33. Other Gods Seth- god of the desert, storm and violence
Hathor- goddess of love, music, and dance
Nut- sky goddess and Geb- earth god
Thoth- god of wisdom
Ma’at- goddess of justice
Bastet- cat god
Anubis- god of embalming
Amun- god of ceation

34. Source
“Egyptian gods”.Edkins Family.

35. Serving the Gods in Ancient Egypt
Taylor McEwen
Serving the Gods in Ancient Egypt
Taylor McEwen

36. Egyptian Temples
Egyptian temples were said to be the homes of the gods and goddesses
Each temple was dedicated to a god or goddess and he/she was worshipped there
The large temples were made of stone so that they would last forever.
Walls of the temple were covered with scenes that were carved into stone and then painted.
The scenes showed pharaohs fighting in battles and performing rituals with the gods and goddesses

37. Offering Rituals Food and drink were put before the god.
They believed in keeping the gods happy because they thought the god would provide them with protection and bring them wealth
They offered joints of meat, roasted fowl, bread, fruits, vegetables.
Offering always included flowers bound in garland.

38. Sanctuaries Sanctuary was located inside the temple
Shrines were built where the statue of a god/goddess would have lived

39. Women In Ancient Egypt
Drenika Mosby

40. The Status of Women in Egyptian Society
Women and men are equal
Legal rights were based on social classes not gender
When the Greeks conquered Egypt in 332 B.C.E, Egyptian women had more rights than Greek women
Egyptian women could manage, own, and sell land
Women can also have slaves

41. Marriage
A girl/women got married when she was 14, or when she begin to menstruate
Her husband was anywhere from or a divorced man
A important part of marriage was birth, death and rebirth
The placed false penises on the male mummies and false breasts on the women mummies
Divorce was a private matter the government did not interfere

42. Fertility Pregnancy was important to an Egyptian women
A fertile woman was an successful woman
For a man to father a child that would prove his “manliness”
Midwives used spells to protect the expectant women
A purification ritual for females followed fourteen days after giving birth
A Egyptian mother named her child immediately following birth incase the child dies and it would have a name in after life

43. Hatshepsut's Temple
ClickNext
YJulie SaderY

44. Hatshepsut's Temple
~This temple (belonging to Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt during the Greek/Roman period) was found under decades of sand, engraved into the side of a mountain near the banks of the Nile
~The architect was Senmut, Hatshepsut’s lover for more than 20 titles
~Two ramps connect the three levels and there are sphinxes with Hatshepsut’s head at the entrance
~The temple is said to be dedicated to her so called parents Amon and Hathor
~For Senmut’s work, he was awarded with enough money for him to build himself his own temple, not too far away from his Hatshepsut’s
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45. Pictures
Click The End

46. Egyptian Hieroglyphics

47. History of Hieroglyphics
Language started in 3000 B.C.
Last know text is from 394 A.D
Used for religious purposes as well as economical purposes in Egypt
One of the first languages in the world
Hieroglyphics were known as the “words of God”
The first hieroglyphics were pictograms that depicted objects
Then they moved to more complex writing called ideograms which symbolized an idea or action
The language was found in 1799 by one of Napoleon's solders in a stone, know as the Rosetta Stone, but the language was hard to translate
In 1822 a French scholar named Champollion discovered the hieroglyphic language
The language was lost for 1500 years

48. The Hieroglyphic alphabet
Hieroglyphic's can be written: left to right, right to left, and up to down
There are over 2,000 hieroglyphic symbols
There are three different kinds of signs in the Hieroglyphic language: Alphabetic signs, Syllabic signs and Determinative signs.

49. Work Cited and your name in Hieroglyphics
Ellis, Elisabeth and Anthony Esler. World History. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, 2003.
Strachen, Richard and Kathleen Roetzel. “Ancient Egyptian Culture.” The Story of the Rosetta Stone,” Finding a Lost Language.” (1 Oct. 2003)
Unknown. “Hieroglyphics.” Hieroglyphics. Unknown Publication date (1 Oct. 2003)
Unknown. “Hieroglyphics Overview.” Hieroglyphics Writing. Unknown Publication date. (1 Oct. 2003)
Unknown. “Explore Ancient Egypt.” Explore Ancient Egypt. (1 Oct. 2003)
Unknown. “Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet.” Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet. (1 Oct. 2003)
Class, Ashley. “Hieroglyphics.” Egyptian Writing. html ( 1 Oct. 2003)

50. The Rosetta Stone
By Chelsea Jacobs

51. Physical features 1 meter high 70 centimeters wide 30 centimeters deep
Very heavy

52. What is the Rosetta Stone?
A stone with writing in 2 languages- Egyptian and Greek
3 scripts of Egypt used- hieroglyphic, demotic, Greek
Written in 3 scripts so that priests, government officials, and rulers could understand what it said

53. Discovery
Carved in 196 B.C
Found in 1799 by French soldiers who were rebuilding Egypt
Found in small village near the Delta- Rosetta

54. Translation Written by priests to honor Pharaoh
Lists all things pharaoh has done that are good for Egypt
Before the Rosetta Stone no one could uncover the mystries hieroglyphics held
Helped to decipher hieroglyphics
Francois Champollion translated hieroglyphics in 1822
Champollion figured out what the 7 demitic signs were and by looking at hoe these signs were used he could uncover what they stood for

55. Works Cited
Andrew Oakley. “The Rosetta Stone.” Kids Konnnect < (September 30, 2003)
“The Rosetta Stone” <file://c:\windows\TEMP\9AOKY8H3.htm>