1. Chapter 14

2. Lets go over the Thirty Years War.. I.Thirty Year’s War: 1.Calvinism had spread to many parts of Europe – religion played a huge role in this war. 2.War was a struggle between France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire for total European leadership.

3. 3. Most destructive conflict Europeans had yet experienced…all the major European powers were involved except for England. 4. For years, Germany was plundered and destroyed – France would eventually come out on top – but what ended the war was the Peace of Westphalia – determined that ALL German states could determine their own religion.

4. Queen Elizabeth’s Reign When Elizabeth Tudor came to the throne, The small island country would become the most powerful leader of the Protestant nations in Europe. Intelligent, careful, and self-confident – repealed laws favoring Catholics that her half sister – creepy Mary of Scots put in.

5. The king of Spain (Philip II) wanted to take over England and force it to become catholic – “The only righteous religion that a country should have!!” She couldn’t escape the conflict with Spain – Philip ordered a Spanish Armada – a fleet of warships – to invade England!! Queen Elizabeth and the English fleet battered the heck out of Spain and they went running back to Spain…

6. II. Revolutions in England 1.At the same time there was a civil war in England going on known as the “English Revolution”. – power struggle between King and Parliament on the role each should take in governing the country. 2.After fighting back and forth after Queen Elizabeth's death, England was declared a commonwealth – or a republic.

14. III. The Glorious Revolution! 1. A group of English noblemen invited a Dutch leader, William of Orange, the husband of the English king’s daughter, Mary to “invade” England. 2. In other words, they were invited to rule as long as they signed an agreement stating they would share power with Parliament – the king and queen are there by the grace of Parliament now, NOT the grace of God.

15. Section 2 – Absolutism! Section 3 1. Louis became king when he was just a boy… 2. Eventually weakens the Nobles’ Authority.. 3. Became known as the Sun King.. 4. Louis now controls the Nobility…

16. How did Absolute Monarchs come to power? Conflicts between states lead to governments creating huge armies - heavy taxes were laid on the poor – resulting in revolts. IN response, monarchs tried to impose order by increasing their own power – regulating everything from religious worship to social gatherings – their ultimate goal was to free themselves from limitations imposed by nobles Who was the most famous monarch of this time?

18. Having nobles at the palace increased royal authority in 2 ways: 1.Made nobility totally dependent on Louis. 2.Also took them from their homes – therefore giving more power to intendments. 3.Louis would spend a FORTUNE to surround himself with luxury.. Built the palace of Versailles – everything about the palace is immense. Also became a center of the arts during Louis’s reign

19. Louis comes to power.. 1. Wanted to be a “real” king and the sole ruler of France. Turn to pg. 443… 2. Establishes a strict routine - created a myth about himself - calling himself the “Sun King”…why?

20. A.Government and Religion.. 1.The royal court Louis makes at Versailles served 3 purposes: a. Personal household of himself b. Chief executive offices were located there c. place where powerful subjects could hold court.

21. 1.He kept the nobles busy with the silliness of court life so they would STAY OUT of his politics.. 2.His government ministers were expected to obey his every word “ I had no intention of sharing my authority with them”… 3.He actually had limited power – the day to day activities are what the government officials presided over – and dealt with – although he DID convert the French Huguenots BACK to Catholicism.

22. Some facts about Versailles: 1.Took around 10 years to build 2.Famous for its “Hall of Mirrors” – many other palaces tried to emulate it. 3.Can accommodate over 5,000 people. 4.It was originally a hunting lodge…..BUT.. 5.Louis XIV used it as a rendezvous for his mistress – and would build a fairy tail palace around it… 6.All of Frances’s rulers lived there from 1682- 1790.

40. Section 4 – The World of European Culture.. I.The artistic Renaissance came to an end when a new movement, called Mannerism. 1. Emerged in Italy– again, because life was not going well for many, people forgot their worldly values and people grew anxious – looking again to spiritual guidance (looking for God)

41. 2. Mannerism in art wanted to be the opposite of the Raneaisaen, ignoring the principals of harmony, balance and moderation. 3. Mannerism spread from Italy to other parts of Europe (again). One famous articles known as “El Greco” (The Greek), elongated fingers, used odd colors and eerie backgrounds from his art.

50. II. The Baroque period Mannerism was eventually replaced by a newer movement – The Baroque – the Catholics whole-heartedly accepted - you can see the Baroque style at Catholic courts - especially in Madrid, Prague, Vienna and Brussels. 1. Baroque artists tried to bring together the classical ideals of Renaissance with spiritual feelings – style of paintings was known for its dramatic use of emotions.

56. 2. Baroque churches and palaces were magnificent and richly detailed – greatest figure of Baroque was architect and sculpture Gian Lorenzo Bernini – created the Throne of St. Peter - a highly decorated cover for the pope’ wooden throne – the throne seems to hover in mid-air Above the chair is a heavily light, massive clouds and angels...

61. III. The golden Age of Literature (yet, reading is fun!!) A.England’s Shakespeare - a cultural “flowering” takes place in England during this time period - - it was often called the “Elizabethan Era” – because sooo much of it happened during her reign. 1. The most famous dramatist of plays during this time was William Shakespeare – created timeless plays that were performed at the “Globe”. – a circular unroofed structure that could hold 3000 people!

65. 2. Shakespeare has long been looked at as a “Universal Genius” – can you tell me what you think that might mean? 3. He was a master at the English language and human psychology – showed an amazing understanding of human feelings – such as fear, and jealously, and of course love.

66. Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none. God has given you one face, and you make yourself another. God has given you one face, and you make yourself another. The evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones. William Shakespeare The evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones. William Shakespeare

67. IV. Political Thought A.Thomas Hobbes was at first alarmed at all of the social problems going on in England – He wrote “Leviathan” to try and deal with human disorder. 1. He believed that before society was organized, human life was “solitary, poor, brutish, nasty and short”. 2. To save themselves from destroying one another – people need to make contracts with the state – and agree to be ruled by an absolute ruler. – It was NEEDED, in fact for society to survive.

70. B. John Locke – viewed political power differently from Hobbes. 1.He was against absolute rule of 1 person. 2.Believed that before society is organized, humans lived in a state of equality and freedom- NOT war as Hobbes had said. 3.Humans have certain natural rights – rights to which they have the day that they are born – includes life, liberty and the pursuit of property – Sound familiar?

71. 4.Locke’s social contract was different from Hobbes – believed in one, however it is more mutual – Government is there TO PROTECT its people – not for the people to serve the government – or an absolute ruler.