1. Communicable & Chronic Diseases
Mr. Ramos

2. Lesson 1: Understanding Diseases
Objectives:
Discuss the ways in which pathogens can be spread
Describe the immune system and how it responds to pathogens
List ways to keep the immune system healthy, including getting adequate rest

3. Causes and Spread of Diseases
A germ, or pathogen, is something that causes disease.
Examples of pathogens include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi.
Not all bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi are pathogens.
A communicable disease is an illness caused by a pathogen that can be passed to a person from another person, animal, or object.
Examples: Common cold and the Flu

4. How Pathogens are Spread
Pathogens may be spread when an infected agent comes into direct contact with a noninfected agent.
Touching, kissing, sharing eating utensils, or exchanging bodily fluids, as in sexual activity or needle sharing.
Pathogens may also spread indirectly through contact with doorknobs, tabletops, faucet handles, and other surfaces.

5. Diseases Type of Pathogen Description Diseases Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that live nearly everywhere. When disease-causing bacteria enter a person’s body, they rapidly reproduce.
Strep throat, Lyme disease, and urinary tract infections
Viruses
Viruses are the smallest and simplest pathogens. They are not living organisms. However, they can reproduce inside living cells
Colds, chicken pox, small pox, measles, herpes

6. Diseases Type of Pathogen Description Diseases Protozoa
Protozoa are single-celled organisms that may capture other tiny life forms for food. Some protozoa can live within the human body as parasites.
Malaria, dysentery
Fungi
Fungi are single-celled or muticelled organisms that feed on organic material. Yeasts and molds are two types of fungi that may cause illness.
Athlete’s foot, ringworm, nail fungal infections

7. Diseases Type of Pathogen Description Diseases Rickettsia
Rickettsia are a special type of bacteria that multiply like viruses. Rickettsia species are carried by many ticks, fleas, and lice.
Typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever

8. The Immune Systems
The immune system is the body’s defense against pathogens.
The immune system is made up of cells, tissues, and organs.
The immune system has three lines of defense:
First line of defense
Second line of defense
Third line of defense

9. The Immune System: First Line of Defense
The first line of defense:
Skin – unbroken skin provides a barrier against pathogens
Mucous membrane – tissue that lines the nose, mouth, and throat. Mucous is a sticky substance that contains a chemical to kill bacteria.
Tears – contain chemicals that destroy pathogens
Saliva - contain chemicals that destroy pathogens
Sweat - contain chemicals that destroy pathogens
Stomach acid – destroys pathogens that survive in the mouth & throat

10. The Immune System: Second Line of Defense
The second line of defense:
If pathogens pass the first line of defense, the body launches the second line of defense.
This is a nonspecific immune response.
Phagocytes are white blood cells that find, engulf, and digest pathogens.
Phagocytes release chemicals that cause inflammation: redness, swelling, warmth, and pain.
Phagocytes can raise the body temperature (fever) to destroy pathogens.

11. The Immune System: Third Line of Defense
The third line of defense:
This is a specific immune response that targets particular invading pathogens.
The body contains a clear liquid called lymph that helps eliminate foreign substances.
A lymphocyte is a white blood cell that serves as a building block of the body’s immune system.
B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells are examples of lymphocytes.

12. The Immune System: Third Line of Defense
The third line of defense:
B cells and T cells can recognize antigens.
Antigens are substances that cause an immune reaction to the body.
When a B-cells detects an antigen, it makes antibodies.
An antibody is a protein in the blood that destroys or disables a specific antigen.
Memory cells help speed the production of antibodies by recognizing antigens there were once present in the body.

13. Caring For Your Immune System
Immunity is the body’s ability to resist disease.
There are 4 types of immunity:
Naturally acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity

14. Caring For Your Immune System
Get regular physical examinations and vaccinations.
Visit a physician when you feel ill.
Follow directions when taking Rx and over-the-counter drugs.
Reduce stress.
Exercise regularly.

15. Caring For Your Immune System
Get 8 hours of sleep each night
Plan your meals according to the Food Guide Pyramid.
Avoid the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs.

16. Lesson 2: Communicable Disease
Objectives:
Discuss facts about communicable diseases and society.
Identify common communicable diseases and describe their characteristics.
Identify ways to prevent the spread of disease.
Explain why you need to keep a personal health record.

17. About Communicable Diseases
Communicable disease are all contagious, spread by direct or indirect contact.
Lyme disease, for example, is a bacterial disease transmitted through a tick.
It can spread from tick to person, but not from person to person.
In the United States, sexually transmitted diseases, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia are some of the most common communicable diseases.

18. Common Communicable Diseases
Communicable diseases vary in their causes, symptoms, duration, and diagnosis.
Treatment depends on the type of pathogen that causes the disease.
An antibiotic is a substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
Antibiotics do NOT work on viral infections.

19. Common Communicable Diseases: The Common Cold
Cause
Symptoms
Duration
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cold
A cold is a viral infection that affects the lining of the upper respiratory tract
Scratchy or sore throat, stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, cough, headache, mild fever, muscle aches, loss of appetite
7 to 14 days
In most cases, people diagnose themselves with a cold because they are familiar with the symptoms
Because colds are caused by viruses, physicians cannot prescribe antibiotics for them. Over-the-counter drugs can treat some of the symptoms, such as headache and runny nose. A person who has a cold should rest and drink fluids.

20. Common Communicable Diseases: The Flu
Cause
Symptoms
Duration
Diagnosis
Treatment
Influenza
Influenza, also known as “Flu,” is a viral infection of the respiratory tract.
High fever, chills, headache, severe muscle aches, dizziness, loss of appetite, tiredness, cough, nausea, weakness, depression.
5 days for major symptoms to subside; 7 to 14 days for health to return.
Some people diagnose themselves with the flu according to symptoms. Others go to a physician for a laboratory test.
A person who has the flu should rest and drink fluids. A nonaspirin medicine will help relieve symptoms. A flu shot can reduce a person’s chances of getting the disease.

21. Common Communicable Diseases: West Nile Virus
Cause
Symptoms
Duration
Diagnosis
Treatment
West Nile virus
West Nile virus is an infection that is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Most cases have no symptoms. However, mild symptoms include fever, body aches, and nausea. Severe symptoms, which are rare, include high fever, tremors, and vision loss.
A few days for mild symptoms and several weeks for severe symptoms.
Physicians diagnose West Nile virus based on symptoms and tests.
Mild cases pass without treatment. Severe cases require hospital care.

22. Common Communicable Diseases: Mononucleosis
Cause
Symptoms
Duration
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mononucleosis
Epstein Barr Virus (a type of Herpes Virus)
Tiredness, fever, sore throat, sore muscles, enlarged spleen, loss of appetite, generalized weakness, nausea, severe headache, stiffness, chest pain.
2 to 4 weeks
Physicians diagnose mononucleosis based on symptoms and blood tests. (The blood test is called a mono-spot test)
A person who has mono should rest, take acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and avoid rigorous physical activities for a month or so after recovery.

23. Common Communicable Diseases: Hepatitis
Cause
Symptoms
Duration
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hepatitis (A, B, C, etc) Type A: contact with the feces of infected people, & contaminated water, milk, & food.
Types B & C: Direct contact with an infected person’s blood or other body fluids through blood transfusions, sexual activity, injecting drugs, tattoos, piercings, & mother to child transmission.
Hepatitis is a viral disease that causes serious damage to the liver. The 3 most common forms of hepatitis are hepatitis A, B, and C.
Fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, & jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes.
Type A: fever and diarrhea
Type B: joint pain
Type C: dark urine
Some people who have hepatitis experience no symptoms.
People with hepatitis A recover in a few weeks or months.
About 90 to 95% of those with hepatitis B recover within 6 months. About 75 to 85% of those infected with hepatitis C have the disease for the rest of their lives.
Physicians diagnose hepatitis based on symptoms and laboratory tests.
Type A: rest, a healthful diet, and plenty of fluid.
Type B: Medications can treat long-lasting infection.
Type C: Physicians may prescribe medicines and advise against drinking alcohol.
Vaccines can prevent hepatitis A and B.

24. Common Communicable Diseases: Strep Thrat
Cause
Symptoms
Duration
Diagnosis
Treatment
Strep Throat
Strep Throat is a bacterial infection of the throat caused by streptococcal bacteria.
Painful throat inflammation, fever, chills, body aches, loss of appetite, red and swollen tonsils, and swollen glands.
3 to 5 days with treatment
A rapid strep test or a throat culture
People with strep throat typically take antibiotics, such as penicillin for a course of 7 days.

25. Common Communicable Diseases: Tuberculosis
Cause
Symptoms
Duration
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection of the lungs.
People with tuberculosis experience few symptoms at first. Later symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite, and the coughing up of blood.
A few months with treatment
Skin tests and chest X rays are used to diagnose tuberculosis.
Three or four oral medications are taken in combination. Severe cases may require hospitalization.

26. Preventing Communicable Disease
Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and warm water before & after preparing food, before eating, & after using the bathroom. Use a nail brush daily to remove dirt from under nails.
Keep your fingers away from your eyes, nose, & mouth.

27. Preventing Communicable Disease
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. If you don’t have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your elbow – not into your hand.
Do not share personal items, such as toothbrushes or drinking glasses or bottles.

28. Preventing Communicable Disease
Cover all sores or cuts with a bandage. Wash your hands with soap and water if you touch your sore or cut.
Do not touch sores or cuts on another person’s body. Wear disposable gloves if you are bandaging someone else’s wound.

29. Preventing Communicable Disease
Do not use illegal drugs. Injecting oneself with needles, inhaling from shared pipes or cigarettes, and snorting drugs lead to infections.
Practice abstinence from sex to prevent the spread of certain diseases.

30. Preventing Communicable Disease
Do not share needles to make tattoos or pierce ears or other body parts.
Follow the tips to prevent foodborne illnesses.
Keep your food away from animals, such as pets or insects. They might spread pathogens to the food.

31. Preventing Communicable Disease
Keeps pets well groomed, free of ticks or fleas, and vaccinated.
Use insect repellants when you are outside in the spring, summer, and fall.
Check with a physician if you are bitten by an animal.

32. Lesson 3: Sexually Transmitted Diseases & HIV/AIDS
Objectives:
Identify common sexually transmitted diseases and their effects on the body.
Explain how HIV is transmitted and develops into AIDS.
List ways to prevent and treat sexually transmitted diseases.

33. Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are also known as Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
One in two sexually active young people will get an STD by the age of 25.
Most young people with STDs don’t even know they have them. Getting tested is the only way to know for sure.
STDs are really common -- every year there are more than 19 million new cases in the U.S.
Left untreated, some STDs can cause infertility or increase your risk of getting cancer

34. Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chlamydia – bacterial infection
Inflammation of the reproductive organs
Some people have no symptoms
Females may have painful urination, lower abdominal pain, unusual vaginal discharge, or bleeding between menstrual periods.
Males may experience a slight discharge from the tip of the penis or itching or burning around the penis.
Chlamydia may lead to infertility if left untreated.
Chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics.

35. Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Genital Herpes – viral infection
Produces cold sores or blisters on the sex organs or in the mouth.
May experience a fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and appetite loss.
May cause cervical cancer
There is no cure for genital herpes.

36. Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Genital HPV infection – viral infection
Human Papillomavirus is one of the most common STDs in the United States
Often has no symptoms
HPV may disappear on its own without treatment
May cause genital warts – these are growths on or inside the sex organs
The warts may disappear without treatment

37. Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Gonorrhea – bacterial infection
Bacterial infection infects the linings of the genital & urinary tract
Both males and females may have no symptoms
Males and females may experience yellowish-green discharge from the sex organs or burning during urination.
May result in infertility in both males and females.
Can be treated and cured with antibiotics

38. Common Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Syphilis – bacterial infection
Produces sores and rashes in the genital area.
If left untreated, syphilis can damage the heart, brain, and liver and lead to mental illness, paralysis, and sometimes death.
Can be treated and cured with antibiotics

39. HIV and AIDS
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) destroys the body’s third line of defense.
HIV destroys the body’s helper T-cells.
When HIV has fully destroyed or broken down the body, a condition known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome results.

40. Ways HIV is Spread
Having sexual contact with a person infected with HIV
Contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk, of a person infected with HIV
Sharing needles with infected person
Being born to a mother infected with HIV

41. Ways HIV is Not Spread Closed-mouth kissing Hugging
Being sneezed or coughed on
Being bitten by insects
Donating blood
Using a telephone or computer used by an infected person
Touching, holding hands, or shaking hands
Sitting on a toilet seat

42. HIV Testing
HIV kills helper T-cells, which are supposed to signal B-cells to produce antibodies against HIV.
The HIV test does not look for HIV. The test looks for the antibodies produced against HIV.
The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used to detect HIV antibodies.
If the ELISA test comes back positive, another test is run. If the second test is positive, a Western blot test is run.

43. HIV Testing