Adapting to Life on Land

Adapting to Life on Land
Chapter 21.1 Hickox: Baker High School

Characteristics of Plants
Review Photosynthesis Video 1) Multicellular eukaryote 2) Nucleus has true nucleus 3) Membrane-bound organelles 4) Thick cell walls of cellulose 5) Stem and leaves have waxy waterproof coating called _______________. 6) The cuticle helps plants to reduce water loss cuticle Hickox: Baker High School

Hickox: Baker High School
Cuticle of a stem Hickox: Baker High School

What are the basic plant organs? (234)
leaf 7) A ________ is a plant organ that grows from the stem. 8) Photosynthesis usually occurs here 9) Plants have uniquely different shapes & sizes Photosynthesis RAP Plant video: Form and Structure Hickox: Baker High School

What are the basic plant organs? (234)
10)_________ are the plant organ that absorbs water and nutrients 11) Tissues that transport 12) Anchor a plant to ground 13) Some function as food storage (sweet potatoes) Roots Root hairs increase absorption area Hickox: Baker High School

Basic plant organs (234) stem 14) A __________ provides support for growth 15) Moves water from roots to leaves 16) Moves sugar (food) from leaves to roots 17) Contains tissues for transporting food, water and other materials 18) Sometimes contain food storage or photosynthesis Hickox: Baker High School

Most plants we are familiar with have stems made of tube-like, long cells for transporting water and food called ______ Most of the vascular tissue is found in the trunk and stems 20) Vascular tissue consists Of two different types: ________: carries water up From roots _________: carries food Down from leaves. Vascular tissue xylem phloem Water Transport Video Hickox: Baker High School

Vascular and Nonvascular Plants
21) Plants that contain vascular tissue are called ___________ _________. 22) Plants can transport water a _________ _________ 23) Plants have fibers of cellulose to be able to grow tall 24) Nonvascular plants include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts and do not contain vascular tissue. 25) Reproduce with alternations of generations 26) Nonvascular plants are only a few cells thick 27) Water and nutrients travel by osmosis 28) Live close to the ground Vascular plants long distance Hickox: Baker High School

Nonvascular Plants water Low wet areas Alternation of generations
What is a nonvascular plant? Need to be close to __________ to (reproduce & photosynthesize) Limited to ______________ (streams, rivers, forest) Do not have roots; move water and minerals by (osmosis & diffusion) Have ___________________ Male reproductive structure ______________ Female reproductive structure ______________ water Low wet areas Alternation of generations antheridium archegonium Hickox: Baker High School

Hornwort (Nonvascular plant)
Hickox: Baker High School

Nonvascular Plants Liverworts Hickox: Baker High School

Nonvascular Plants Moss Reproduction in Mosses Video Hickox: Baker High School

What is a seed? (235) seed 29)A __________ is a plant organ that contains an embryo and food supply covered in a hard protective coat. 30) Protects the embryo from drying out 31) Seed are __________, since they contain two of each kind of chromosome. 32) In non-seed plants such as in mosses and fern, the sperm require a film of water on the plant in order to reach the EGG. This is why moist habitats are required diploid Hickox: Baker High School

Seed Embryo Seed coat Food supply COTYLEDON Hickox: Baker High School

What is alternation of generations in plants? (235)
33) Includes two stages, one generation is the ____________ generation, which produces gametes of ___________ cells. 34) During the sporophyte generation, _______ are produced, which are _________. 35) In non-seed vascular plants such as ferns, spores are released and grow into ____________ gametophyte plants, producing _______ and _________ gametes. gametophyte haploid spores diploid haploid male female Hickox: Baker High School

Alternation of Generations
Asexual reproduction (2n) Sexual reproduction (1n) Hickox: Baker High School Hickox: Baker High School Biology.

Fern Life Cycle (alternation of generations)
36) In non-seed vascular plants such as ferns, spores are released and grow into haploid gametophyte plants, produce male and female gametes. Hickox: Baker High School

Alternation of Generations Hickox: Baker High School

Mature Fern Sorus under frond Sporangium with spore diploid haploid Egg and Sperm unite producing Sporophyte Young sporophyte Spore Germinates Prothallus Archegonia & antheridium on Prothallus Hickox: Baker High School

Non-seed Vascular Plants 22.2
What is the structure of ferns? 1. (has roots, stems, and leaves) 2. The main stem is underground and is called a ________. 3. On the under area of a frond, the leaves you may see tiny brown circles. These clusters are spore-producing __________. Each cluster forms a _______. rhizome sporangia sorus Hickox: Baker High School

Non-seed Vascular Plants 22.2
Sporangia (spores) Frond Under frond - Sorus sporangia Hickox: Baker High School

What is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)
18. How do algae and land plants take in substances? Algae live in water and absorb dissolved substances directly into their cells. Most land plants absorb dissolved substances from the soil. Hickox: Baker High School

Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (238)
37) Phylogeny of Plants (evolutionary history) Scientists who study plants are ________ 38) Non-seed Plants: use spores to reproduce. 39) Hepaticophytes: non-seed plants called liverworts; nonvascular, use osmosis and diffusion, to absorb water & nutrients 40) May be ancestors to all plants. Botanists Hickox: Baker High School

41) Anthocerophytes are very small, nonvascular and grow in damp shady habitats. They rely on osmosis and diffusion to transport nutrients. Are also called _____________ (resemble horns of animals) Hornworts Hickox: Baker High School

42) Bryophytes: are the mosses; are nonvascular; have cells that transport water and sugar. Usually less than 5 cm. tall. Mosses Hickox: Baker High School

Vascular plants 43) Lycophytes: Vascular plants that have stems, roots, and leaves. Another name are the ______________ Club mosses Hickox: Baker High School

Seed Plants: 44) Seed Plants: Have a seed that consists of a plant embryo and a food supply and covered by a hard protective coat. All seed plants have vascular tissue Hickox: Baker High School

Seed Plants What is a seed plant? 45) Many Vascular plant that produces seeds. 46) Seeds are surrounded by fruit or scales of a cone. 47) In the sporophyte, the spores develop into male and female gametophytes. 48) The male gametophyte is inside the ______ _______ 49) The female gametophyte produces the egg cell inside the __________. 50) The ovule form the _______ after fertilization. (the union of egg and sperm). 51) After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo. Pollen grain ovule seed Hickox: Baker High School

Seed Plants (251) Embryos of seed plants include one or more ____________. Cotyledons : store ____________for the developing embryo. Cotyledons are leaf-like structures on the plant’s stems, when the plant comes through the soil. cotyledons food Hickox: Baker High School

Vascular plants Cycads: 52) Look like palm trees but are not. 53) Produce male and female ________, are scaly structures that support male or female reproductive structures. Commonly called ________________ cones Sega palms Hickox: Baker High School

Cycads Hickox: Baker High School

Ginkgophytes: Ginkgo biloba are small trees with fan-shaped leaves. Male and female reproductive structures on separate trees. Hickox: Baker High School

Ginkgo biloba: male Ginkgo biloba: female Ginkgo biloba: sperm Hickox: Baker High School

Conifers cone 54) Conifers are _________ bearing trees. 55) Pine, fir, cypress, and redwood 56) Produce seeds in cones 57) Many have needlelike leaves Hickox: Baker High School

Seed Plants 22.3 (251) gymnosperms angiosperms
What are the advantages of seeds? 58) A seed is an embryo and its food supply is inside tough outer coating. 59) Two groups: those whose seeds are not protected by fruit are called _____________ or “naked seeds”. 60) Seeds that are protected by fruit are called ______________. A fruit includes ripened ovary of a flower. Make change in notes!!!!!!! gymnosperms angiosperms Hickox: Baker High School

Douglas Fir: Conifer Hickox: Baker High School

Giant Sequoia: Conifer Hickox: Baker High School

Pacific yew: Conifer Common Juniper: Conifer Pine Tree: Conifer Hickox: Baker High School

Add to your notes! Anthophytes: Intro to Gymno and Angio Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms Anthophytes: Only Flowering plants Produce flowers from which fruits develop A fruit usually contains one or more seeds Plant reproduction Methods Video Flowers and Fruits Hickox: Baker High School

Anatomy of a Flower 22.3 pistil Hickox: Baker High School

113. anther pollen filament Stamen Male parts: Hickox: Baker High School

ovary Pistil Female parts: Style (pollen tube) Stigma (sticky) Hickox: Baker High School

ovary anther filament Pollen lands on stigma, travels down pollen tube until it units with ovary at fertilization. style stigma Hickox: Baker High School

Monocot vs. Dicots What are monocot and dicots? 61) Monocotyledons have one seed leaf or monocot. Monocots also have 1 food source called a cotyledon. 62) Dicotyledons have two seed leaves or dicot. Dicots also have 2 food sources are called cotyledons. Monocots vs Dicots Video Hickox: Baker High School

Flowering plants are either monocots or dicots
Seed Root Stem Leaf Flower one cotyledon in seed Monocots root xylem and phloem in a ring vascular bundles scattered in stem leaf veins form a parallel pattern flower parts in threes and multiples of three two cotyledons in seed Dicots root phloem between arms of xylem vascular bundles in a distinct ring leaf veins form a net pattern flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples Hickox: Baker High School

Monocot versus Dicot Monocots (Single cotyledon) Root vascular tissue occurs in scattered. Parallel leaf venation. Flowers in 3s or multiple of 3s Dicots (Two cotyledons) Xylem and phloem ringed Netted leaf venation. Flowers in 4s or 5s or multiples of 4s or 5s Hickox: Baker High School

Life Span of a Plant 63). Plants that live for only one year or less; they sprout from seeds, grow, reproduce and then die are ___________. 64) Most are green stem and have no woody tissue. 65) Examples are _______, peas, _______ annuals corn beans Hickox: Baker High School

Life Span of a Plant (255) 66) Plants that have two year life spans are _________. During the first year biennials grow leaves and develop a strong root system. During the second year, food stored in the roots is used to produce new shoot, flowers, and seeds. 67) Examples are _________, beets, and _______ biennials carrots turnips Hickox: Baker High School

Life Span of a Plant (255) 68)___________ live for several years. They produce flowers and seed periodically, usually once a year. They have woody stems and roots remain dormant. 69)Examples are __________ , ___________, and _____________ perennials strawberries asparagus Brambles Hickox: Baker High School

Plant Tissues 70) Sclerenchyma cells are thick and rigid. 71) Provide support and strength 72) Source of fiber for rope & linen. 73) ___________ functions like the skin of an animal. 74) Protects with waxy cuticle (prevents water loss) Epidermis Hickox: Baker High School

Plant Tissues 75) __________ are openings in the leaf that control the exchange of gases. What Gasses? ___________What Molecules? _____ 76) Two ___________ surround each stoma and controls the flow of water vapor from the leaf. Stomata guard cells STOMATA VIDEO Hickox: Baker High School

Stomata Hickox: Baker High School

Transport Tissues What do vascular tissue transport?
77) __________ is made of tube-like cells that transport water. (xylem up) 78) _________ transports sugars in long tubes arranged end to end with sieve plates. (phloem down) Xylem Phloem Hickox: Baker High School

Roots, Stems, and Leaves Roots 79) Are plant organs 80) Anchor a plant 81) Absorb water and dissolved minerals 82) Contain vascular tissues 83)____________ are single thick structures with smaller branching roots. 84) Store food 85) Examples are beets and carrots taproots Hickox: Baker High School

Root Hairs Increase Surface Area
Hickox: Baker High School

Roots, Stems, and Leaves Roots 85). ____________ roots have many small branching roots that grow from a central point. Grass is a good example Prop roots, found in corn plants begin above ground and help support. ___________ __________ ____________ Fibrous Tap roots Fibrous roots Prop roots Hickox: Baker High School

Roots, Stems, and Leaves What is transpiration? 87) The loss of water through the stomata is called ________________ 88) The waxy cuticle and stomata help reduce water loss transpiration Transpiration video Hickox: Baker High School

Chapter 22.1 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 97
9. Nonvascular plants are not as common or as widespread as vascular plants (B) the life functions of nonvascular plants require a close association with water. 10. The life cycle of nonvascular plants includes an alternation of generation between a (c) diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte) Fossil and genetic evidence suggests that the first land plants were (C) liverworts. Chapter Reinforcement and Study Guide page 98 Unlike vascular plants, the spore-producing (1) sporophyte is the dominant generation in vascular plants. A major advance in vascular plants was the adaptation of (2) leaves to form structures that protect the developing (3) reproductive cells or zygote. Hickox: Baker High School

(Alternation of Generations) (6 – 18) The lives of all plants consist of two alternating stages, or (6) generations. The gametophyte generation of a plant is responsible for development of (7) gametes. All cells of the gametophyte, including the gametes are haploid. The (9) sporophyte generation is responsible for the production of spores. All cells of the sporophyte are (10) diploid . The spores are produced by the sporophyte plant by (11) meiosis and are, therefore, haploid. The lives of seed plants include two generations that alternate. The generation of a plant responsible for producing gametes is the gametophyte generation. Gametophyte spores are haploid and sporophyte tissue cells are diploid. Hickox: Baker High School

The hollow-stemmed horsetail appears to be jointed with scalelike leaves surrounding each joint. The most recognized generation of ferns is the sporophyte generation. The gametophyte in most ferns is a thin, flat structure. In most ferns, the main stem, called a rhizome is underground. It contains many starch-filled cells for storage. The leaves of a fern are called fronds and grow upward from the rhizome. Fronds are often divided into pinnae , which are attached to a central rachis. Ferns were the first vascular plants to evolve leaves with branching veins of vascular ranchis. The common names for the seedless vascular plants, lycophyta, arthrophyta, and pterophyta are club or spike mosses, horsetails, ferns. Hickox: Baker High School

Chapter Reinforcement an Study Guide page 97 Nonvascular plants are successful in habitats with adequate water. The gametophyte generation is dominant in nonvascular plants. Sperm are produced in male reproductive structures called antheridia, and the eggs are produced in female reproductive structures called archegonia. Mosses have colorless multicellular structures called rhizoids, which help anchor the stem to the soil. (underground stem) Most liverworts have cuticles, or an oily or a shiny surface that helps reduce evaporation of the water from the plant’s tissue. Liverworts occur in many environments and include two groups: the thallose liverworts and the leafy liverworts. One unique feature of hornworts is the presence of one to several chloroplasts in each cell. The common names for the nonvasculare plants in bryophyta, ehpaticophyta, and anthocerphyta are mosses, liverworts,hornworts. Hickox: Baker High School

In some non-seed vascular plants, spore-bearing leaves form a compact cluster called a(n) (4) strobilus . Spores are released from this compact cluster. These spores then grow to form the gametophyte, called a(n) (5) prothallus. This structure is relatively small and lives in or on soil. The prothallus then forms (6) antheridia, male reproductive structures, and (7) archegonia, female reproductive structures. (8) Sperm are released from an antheridium and swim through a film of water to the (9) egg in an archegonium. (10) Fertilization occurs and a large, dominant sporophyte plant develops from the (11) zygote Do not grade 12,13,14,15 12. (false) The leafy stems of lycophytes resemble clubs, and their reproductive structures are moss shaped. (true) The leaves of lycophytes occur as pairs, whorls, or spirals along the stem. (false) Lycophytes are simple vascular plants with creeping leaves. (true) The club moss is commonly called ground pine because it is evergreen and resembles a miniature pine tree. Hickox: Baker High School

Non-seed plants release spores into the environment that grow into gametophytes. What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular plants? Vascular plants have long, tube-like cells that form tissues that transport food, water, and other materials. Nonvascular plants have thin tissues that allow nutrients and water to travel from one cell to another by osmosis and diffusion. Some land plants produce seeds. What is their function? How do they differ from spores? Seeds protect the embryos and spores protect haploid cells and keep them from drying out. Seeds have a diploid embryo and a food supply that are covered with a protective coat. Spores have a haploid cell with a hard protective covering. Hickox: Baker High School

Adapting to Life on Land

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