1. CHAPTER 19 1945-1953 THE COLD WAR BEGINS

2. SECTION 1 THE IRON CURTAIN FALLS ON EUROPE

3. COLD WAR The Cold War was an era of high tension and bitter competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The Cold War was an era of high tension and bitter competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. It was DEMOCRACY vs. COMMUNISM. It was DEMOCRACY vs. COMMUNISM. The U.S. did have the upper hand until the Soviets developed an atomic bomb of their own and the “arms race” between the two super powers was on! The U.S. did have the upper hand until the Soviets developed an atomic bomb of their own and the “arms race” between the two super powers was on!

4. The IRON CURTAIN DESCENDS At Yalta and Potsdam Stalin promised to hold free elections in eastern Europe. At Yalta and Potsdam Stalin promised to hold free elections in eastern Europe. He did not do so and left his troops there in what he called a buffer zone between Germany, France and Russia. He did not do so and left his troops there in what he called a buffer zone between Germany, France and Russia. Opponents to Russian communism were not dealt with nicely. Opponents to Russian communism were not dealt with nicely.

6. In a speech in Fulton, Missouri Winston Churchill described this as an IRON CURTAIN that has descended upon Europe. In a speech in Fulton, Missouri Winston Churchill described this as an IRON CURTAIN that has descended upon Europe.

8. THE U.S. RESPONSE The American government adopted a policy of containment. The American government adopted a policy of containment. This policy was created by American statesman George Kennan. This policy was created by American statesman George Kennan. The U.S. would halt communism in its already established boarders. The U.S. would halt communism in its already established boarders.

9. President Truman issues a policy, THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE which called for economic aid to help free nations resist communism. President Truman issues a policy, THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE which called for economic aid to help free nations resist communism. The U.S. also began the MARSHALL PLAN which was a massive program of aid to Western Europe. The U.S. also began the MARSHALL PLAN which was a massive program of aid to Western Europe.

10. As a result of the Marshall Plan Europe was able to rebuild. As a result of the Marshall Plan Europe was able to rebuild. It enabled Western Europe to feed its people and buy products from the U.S. It enabled Western Europe to feed its people and buy products from the U.S. The MARSHALL PLAN helped the U.S. build strong political support in Western Europe. The MARSHALL PLAN helped the U.S. build strong political support in Western Europe.

11. THE BERLIN AIRLIFT Germany and Berlin were divided into four zones after the war. Germany and Berlin were divided into four zones after the war.

12. In 1948 the Soviets declared they would block all rail, road, or river traffic into West Berlin. In 1948 the Soviets declared they would block all rail, road, or river traffic into West Berlin. Stalin’s plan was to starve West Berlin and the allies would give Russia full control of the capital city. Stalin’s plan was to starve West Berlin and the allies would give Russia full control of the capital city. The U.S. and Britain began flying in supplies to West Berlin 24/7 for almost a year. The U.S. and Britain began flying in supplies to West Berlin 24/7 for almost a year.

13. There were tragedies but the airlift continued. There were tragedies but the airlift continued. On May 12, 1949 the Soviet Union lifted its blockade. On May 12, 1949 the Soviet Union lifted its blockade. By that time, American, British, and French planes had made nearly 280,000 flights into Berlin. By that time, American, British, and French planes had made nearly 280,000 flights into Berlin. The first conflict of the COLD WAR did not end in a fight. The first conflict of the COLD WAR did not end in a fight.

14. NATO In April, 1949 the U.S. and six other nations joined Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Great Britain in a system of common defense called THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION. In April, 1949 the U.S. and six other nations joined Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Great Britain in a system of common defense called THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION.

15. The other six nations were Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal. The other six nations were Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal. The agreement was that an attack on one was an attack on all! The agreement was that an attack on one was an attack on all!

17. Chapter 15 Section 2 Pages 471-476 Pages 471-476 HEALING THE WOUNDS OF WAR

18. GI BILL – In 1944 FDR signed the GI BILL. This bill aimed at helping veterans make a smooth change to being civilians. The bill provided money for veterans who wanted education. It also gave them loans to buy homes, farms, or businesses. It also helped veterans find work and provided unemployment benefits for those who couldn’t. GI BILL – In 1944 FDR signed the GI BILL. This bill aimed at helping veterans make a smooth change to being civilians. The bill provided money for veterans who wanted education. It also gave them loans to buy homes, farms, or businesses. It also helped veterans find work and provided unemployment benefits for those who couldn’t.

19. Baby Boom – This was a large increase in the birthrate after WWII. Baby Boom – This was a large increase in the birthrate after WWII. Fair Deal – In 1948 Truman wins the presidential election and put forward his FAIR DEAL. It included a number of programs in the tradition of the New Deal. Fair Deal – In 1948 Truman wins the presidential election and put forward his FAIR DEAL. It included a number of programs in the tradition of the New Deal.

20. Universal Declaration of Human Rights – This document issued by the United Nations said that all human beings were born free and equal. It called for an end to slavery and torture. It also demanded a variety of civil rights including the right to assembly and the right to access to courts. Universal Declaration of Human Rights – This document issued by the United Nations said that all human beings were born free and equal. It called for an end to slavery and torture. It also demanded a variety of civil rights including the right to assembly and the right to access to courts.

21. World Bank – The World Bank aimed to help poor countries build their economies. It provided grants and loans. World Bank – The World Bank aimed to help poor countries build their economies. It provided grants and loans. The International Monetary Fund – This group encouraged economic policies that promoted international trade. The International Monetary Fund – This group encouraged economic policies that promoted international trade.

22. General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade – This agreement promoted trade. It aimed to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers. General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade – This agreement promoted trade. It aimed to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers.

23. CHAPTER 15 Section 3 THE SECOND RED SCARE

24. After the war America had a widespread scare about the spread of communism. Two contributing factors led to this. After the war America had a widespread scare about the spread of communism. Two contributing factors led to this. 1. In late August, 1949 the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb and the “arms race” was on! 2. Then, China turned communist under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

25. China had been an ally of the U.S. during WWII under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek. China had been an ally of the U.S. during WWII under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek. Now, the nationalist government and Chiang Kai-shek fled to the island of Taiwan. Now, the nationalist government and Chiang Kai-shek fled to the island of Taiwan. China became known as the People’s Republic of China. China became known as the People’s Republic of China.

28. As a result of all of this a SECOND RED SCARE is now underway in the U.S. As a result of all of this a SECOND RED SCARE is now underway in the U.S. In the late 1930’s the House of Representatives had formed a House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). In the late 1930’s the House of Representatives had formed a House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). This committee was to investigate radical groups. It soon came to focus on communists. This committee was to investigate radical groups. It soon came to focus on communists.

29. In 1947 the committee began investigating the movie industry in Hollywood. In 1947 the committee began investigating the movie industry in Hollywood. Ten writers and directors, known as the HOLLYWOOD TEN, were investigated. Ten writers and directors, known as the HOLLYWOOD TEN, were investigated. They refused to answer questions and were jailed for their refusal. They refused to answer questions and were jailed for their refusal.

30. In 1948Alger Hiss was a government official accused of plotting to put Communists in the government. In 1948Alger Hiss was a government official accused of plotting to put Communists in the government. He served several years in prison. He served several years in prison. In 1951 Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were convicted of spying and executed. In 1951 Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were convicted of spying and executed. This gave rise a Senator Joe McCarthy. This gave rise a Senator Joe McCarthy.

31. SECOND RED SCARE Senator Joe McCarthy was from Wisconsin. Senator Joe McCarthy was from Wisconsin. McCarthy attacked many people as being communists even though he had no real evidence. McCarthy attacked many people as being communists even though he had no real evidence. McCarthyism (as it became known as) spread to government, universities, labor unions, and private businesses. McCarthyism (as it became known as) spread to government, universities, labor unions, and private businesses.

32. As a result of McCarthyism thousands of people were fired for political reasons. As a result of McCarthyism thousands of people were fired for political reasons.

33. CHAPTER 15 Section 4 THE KOREAN WAR

34. Japan controlled the Korean peninsula until WWII ended. Japan controlled the Korean peninsula until WWII ended. After WWII Korea was divided in half at the 38 th parallel. After WWII Korea was divided in half at the 38 th parallel. The Soviet Union would control the north and the United States would control the south. The Soviet Union would control the north and the United States would control the south.

36. Kim Il Sung was the communist leader of the north and Syngman Rhee was the leader of the south. Kim Il Sung was the communist leader of the north and Syngman Rhee was the leader of the south. Both were dictators and both wanted to unite Korea. Both were dictators and both wanted to unite Korea.

37. On June 25 th, 1950 North Korean troops invaded South Korea. On June 25 th, 1950 North Korean troops invaded South Korea. The north was armed with Soviet weapons. The north was armed with Soviet weapons. President Truman felt the U.S. had to take a stand against communist aggression. (containment) President Truman felt the U.S. had to take a stand against communist aggression. (containment)

38. The north quickly pushed to the capital city of Seoul and took it. The north quickly pushed to the capital city of Seoul and took it. Truman asked for UN help and received it. Truman asked for UN help and received it. The Soviets were boycotting the UN since the UN would not recognize Communist China as the official government of China. The Soviets were boycotting the UN since the UN would not recognize Communist China as the official government of China.

40. The fighting was called a police action and the U.S. and 15 other nations sent ground troops to fight. The fighting was called a police action and the U.S. and 15 other nations sent ground troops to fight. The commander of the UN force was American General Douglas MacArthur. The commander of the UN force was American General Douglas MacArthur.

42. Early on the North Koreans drove all the way to Pusan. Early on the North Koreans drove all the way to Pusan.

43. MacArthur’s plan was to land behind North Korean lines at the port city of Inchon. MacArthur’s plan was to land behind North Korean lines at the port city of Inchon. The UN forces quickly drove the North Koreans out of South Korea. The UN forces quickly drove the North Koreans out of South Korea.

44. MacArthur wanted to take North Korea. MacArthur wanted to take North Korea. However a large Chinese army invaded North Korea and the UN troops had to retreat. However a large Chinese army invaded North Korea and the UN troops had to retreat. MacArthur wanted to attack China and possibly use atomic bombs. MacArthur wanted to attack China and possibly use atomic bombs. Mac was wrong. Mac was wrong.

45. A force led by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway stopped the Chinese and pushed them back to the 38 th parallel. A force led by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway stopped the Chinese and pushed them back to the 38 th parallel. Peace talks began in 1951 in the Korean town of Panmunjom. Peace talks began in 1951 in the Korean town of Panmunjom. They dragged on for over two years until after Eisenhower became president in 1953. They dragged on for over two years until after Eisenhower became president in 1953.

46. Over 36,000 American soldiers had died. Over 36,000 American soldiers had died. Almost another 60,000 UN troops from other countries had died. Almost another 60,000 UN troops from other countries had died. Communist forces had 2 milllion casualties. Communist forces had 2 milllion casualties. As many as 3 million Korean civilians were killed or injured. As many as 3 million Korean civilians were killed or injured. Korea has frequently been called THE FORGOTTEN WAR due to the reception our soldiers received when they returned home. Korea has frequently been called THE FORGOTTEN WAR due to the reception our soldiers received when they returned home.