1. LI 2013 NATHALIE F. MARTIN S YNTAX

2. Grammatical vs Ungrammatical

3. The Linguist’s Point of View on Grammar Review:  Explain the linguist’s point of view on grammar?  Written versus spoken  Formal versus informal (or even slang)  Right or wrong?

4. Grammatical or Ungrammatical? 1. The boy found the ball 2. The boy found quickly 3. The boy found in the house 4. The boy found the ball in the house 5. Disa slept the baby 6. Disa slept soundly Find: Transitive verb (with object) Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object)

5. DEFINITION CONSTITUENTS (OF A SENTENCE) CONSTITUENCY TESTS Syntax

6. Definition: Syntax A child’s definition  “All the money collected at church from sinners” (Taken from Laughing Matters, by Phil Callaway) Syntax: The analysis of _______ _______

7. Sentence Structure Recall from morphology that words are not simply strings of morphemes. They have a hierarchical structure that we can represent with trees. devaporize vaporize de-vapor-ize

8. Sentence Structure Similarly, sentences do not only consist of a _____ _______. They also have an internal _______ _______. The structural elements of sentences are called syntactic ___________.  Def: The parts into which a sentence can be ____________.  A word or a group of words that functions as a _____ _____.  _______ _______ of sentence structure. http://webdeptos.uma.es/filifa/personal/amoreno/teaching/ling/syntax.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)

9. Constituents The following sentence is not just a string of eleven words: Bill and John ate all the cookies yesterday at the park. It is made up of four basic constituents: Bill and John ate all the cookies yesterday at the park.

10. Constituency tests I can demonstrate that these are constituents by ___________ and ____________ tests.  Only constituents can be moved to another part of the sentence; only constituents can be substituted for in a sentence.

11. Test 1: Movement Bill and John ate all the cookies yesterday at the park. We can move at the park: Bill and John ate all the cookies at the park yesterday. We can’t move at the: *Bill and John ate all the cookies at the yesterday park. What are the other possible sentences?

12. Test 2: Substitution (1) Bill and John ate all the cookies at the park yesterday. Substitute they for Bill and John: They ate all the cookies at the park yesterday.

13. Substitution (2) Bill and John ate all the cookies at the park yesterday. Substitute did so for ate all the cookies: Bill and John did so at the park yesterday.

14. Substitution (3) Bill and John ate all the cookies at the park yesterday. Substitute there for at the park: Bill and John ate all the cookies there yesterday.

15. Substitution (4) Bill and John ate all the cookies at the park yesterday. Substitute then for yesterday: Bill and John ate all the cookies at the park then.

16. Substitution (5) Can’t substitute across _____________ : Bill and John ate all the cookies at the park yesterday. Substitute did so for ate all the: *Bill and John did so cookies at the park yesterday.

17. Substitution (6) Can’t substitute across ___________ : Bill and John ate all the cookies at the park yesterday. Substitute them for cookies at: *Bill and John ate all the them the park yesterday.

18. Constituents are Phrases all the cookies is a _______ _______. We can substitute any noun phrase for it: They ate cookies yesterday. They ate some cookies yesterday. They ate the cookies left over from dinner last week yesterday. They ate the cookies that their mother told them several times not to eat yesterday.

19. PHRASE TYPES PHRASE STRUCTURE Phrase Structure

20. Let’s Try it Out How would you divide this sentence? a) The children put the brand new toys in the box.  Definition of “phrases”:  ___________ linguistic objects with their own ___________ and _______ _______

21. From Phrase Structure to Sentence Structure We form sentences by combining words into phrasal constituents, phrases into larger constituents, and these constituents into sentences.

22. Phrase types Noun Phrase (NP): Functions like a _______  Ex. Verb Phrase (VP): Functions like a _______  Ex: Adjective Phrase (AP): Functions like an _______  Ex: Prepositional Phrase (PP): Starts with _______ [in, on, with, etc.]  Ex:

23. Phrase Structure Rules NP  (Det) N (PP) PP  P NP The bus (NP) The NDet bus The bus in the yard NP The NDet bus PP in NPP the DetN yard

24. Phrase Structure Rules VP  V (NP) (PP) S  NP (Aux) VP took the money (VP) took NPV took the money from the bank VP took NP V PP from NPP the DetN bank the DetN money the DetN money

25. Head Types In Noun Phrase (NP):  Functions like a noun, head is _______ (N)  Ex. The car, a clever student In Verb Phrase (VP):  Functions like a verb, head is _______ (V)  Ex: study hard, play the guitar In Adjective Phrase (AP):  Functions like an adjective, head is _______ (Adj)  Ex: very tall, quite certain In Prepositional Phrase (PP):  Head is ____________ (Prep) [in, on, with, etc.]  Ex: in the class, above the earth

26. Phrase Structure Phrase (XP) { Specifier } Head (X) { Complement(s) } The specifier _______ _______ of the head. The complements _______ _______ about the head. All phrases have the same basic structure:

27. Specifier types In NPs, specifiers are _______ like a, the, this, that, these, those. In VPs, specifiers are _______ like always, never, seldom, often. In APs, specifiers are _________ like very, quite, too, so. In PPs, specifiers are _______ like almost, nearly.

28. Complement types In NPs, complements can be ____ : cabin by the lake, book on the table. In VPs, complements can be ____ or ____ : ate the cookies, ate at the park. In APs, complements can be ____ : happy about the new job. In PPs, complements are ____ : at the park.

29. Sentence structure The basic English sentence structure is: S NP ( ____ ____ ) VP ( ____ ____ ) For this course, we will use either IP (for “inflection”) found in your textbook or S (for sentence)

30. Simple Sentence The NP and VP might only contain ____ ____ (no specifiers or complements): S NP VP N V Bill swam

31. More complex sentence 1 S NP VP Det N V The boy swam

32. More complex sentence 2 S NP VP Det N V PP Prep NP Det N The boyswam in the stream

33. More complex sentence 3 S NPVP Det N PP V PP Prep NP Prep NP N Det N The boy from Ohio swam in the stream

34. Tree Diagrams

35. Example with brackets How would you devide this sentence into phrases? The children put the toys in the box

36. The Main Phrase Structure Rules 1. S  NP VP 2. NP  (Det) (AP) N (PP) 3. VP  (Aux) V (NP) 4. PP  (Deg) P (NP)

37. Up Side Down Trees

38. Example (1) The children put the toy in the box VPP in NPP the DetN boxThe N put S NPVP Det children NP the DetN toy

39. O’Grady, p. 181 How to build trees structures:

40. Draw the structure trees for the following sentences Draw the tree structure of the following sentences: a) Those guests should leave. b) Maria never ate a brownie. c) That shelf will fall. d) The glass broke. e) The student lost the debate. f) The manager may offer a raise. Question # 5 (a–f) p. 187 (O’Grady)

41. THE TENSE OF THE SENTENCE « Inflection »

42. Abstract category dubbed « I » or « Infl » for ________ that indicates the ______ of the sentence. Links together the NP and the VP « I » is considered the ________ ________ with the VP as it’s ________ and the NP (subject) as it’s ________.

43. Example (1) The old tree will sway in the wind old VPP in NPP the DetN wind The N sway S NPVP DetAdj tree Aux Past (- Pst) will

44. Example (2) The old tree swayed in the wind old VPP in NPP the DetN wind The N swayed S NPVP DetAdj tree Aux Past (+ Pst)

45. Structural Ambiguity

46. Ambiguity: a word, phrase or sentence with multiple meanings Synthetic buffalo hides (NP) Synthetic buffalo hides Buffalo hides that are synthetic.Hides of synthetic buffalo.

47. Ambiguities often lead to humorous results For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers.  what does “thick legs and large drawers” refer to? The desk or the lady?

48. Structural Ambiguity (1) The boy saw the man with the telescope VPP with NPP the DetN telescopeThe N saw S NPVP Det boy NP the DetN man Aux Past (-Pst)

49. Structural Ambiguity (2) The boy saw the man with the telescope V PP with NPP the DetN telescopeThe N saw S NPVP Det boy NP the DetN man Aux Past (-Pst)

50. Deep Stucture and Surface Structure

51. Transformation

52. DECLARATIVE – INTERROGATIVE YES-NO QUESTIONS DO INSERTION WH MOVEMENT Moves

53. From One to The Other Look at these sentences: 1. What do we need to do to transform it from one sentence structure to the other?

54. Declarative – Interrogative Move the auxiliary to the ______ of the ______. The boy will leave. S VPNP Det Aux N Theboywillleave Will the boy leave? S VPNP Det Aux N theboyWillleave The deep structure The surface structure VV

55. The Wh Movement Surface structure: Which car should the man repair? Deep structure: V N carThe N repair S NPVP Det man NP which Det Aux should

56. COORDINATION MODIFIERS PASSIVED Some additional Stuctures

57. Some Additional Structures Coordination Modifiers Passived

58. CHALLENGE !!! Yoda’s Speech Structure

59. CHALLENGE !!! What is wrong with this translation (morphology and syntax)?