1. Matakuliah: G0922/Introduction to Linguistics Tahun: 2008 Session 11 Syntax 2

2. Bina Nusantara University 2 LEARNING OUTCOMES –Students are able to mention the syntactic categories of a sentence –Students are able to draw a phrase structure tree –Students are able to categorize the sentences according to the phrase structure rules

3. Bina Nusantara University 3 OUTLINE –Syntactic Categories –Phrase Structure Trees –Phrase Structure Rules

4. Bina Nusantara University 4 Syntactic rules in grammar account for: The grammaticality of sentences Word order Hierarchical organization of sentences Grammatical relations such as subject and object Whether different structures have differing meanings or the same meanings. The creative aspect of language Syntactic Rules

5. Bina Nusantara University 5 Syntactic rules determine the order of words in a sentence and how the words are grouped. - ‘The child found the puppy’ may be grouped into (The child) (found the puppy) (the child) (found) (the puppy) The natural groupings of a sentence are called constituents The constituent structure may be represented as a tree structure Multiple tree structure can account for structural ambiguity - synthetic buffalo hides = (synthetic) (buffalo hides) (synthetic buffalo) (hides) Syntactic Rules

6. Bina Nusantara University 6 Syntactic Categories Each grouping of words belong to a certain syntactic category The syntactic categories in English are: - Noun (N)Noun Verb (NP) - Verb (V)Verb Phrase (VP) - Adjective (Adj)Adjective Phrase (AP) - Adverb (Adv)Prepositional Phrase (PP) - Determiner (Det)Sentence (S) - Preposition (P) - Auxiliary Verb (Aux)

7. Bina Nusantara University 7 Phrase Structure Tree A tree diagram with syntactic category information is called a phrase structure tree or constituent structure tree. The child put the puppy in the garden the puppyin the garden the garden

8. Bina Nusantara University 8 Phrase Structure Trees S NPVP DetNV NP PP thechildputdet N P NP The puppy in Det N the garden

9. Bina Nusantara University 9 Phrase structure rules 1.S  NP VP 2.NP  Det N : a book 3.NP  (det) (Adj) N : a big book 4.NP  (det) (Adj) N (PP) : the big book on the chair 5.NP  that S : that I knew 6.NP  pronoun : he 7.VP  V 8.VP  V NP : I saw a buffalo 9.VP  V NP PP : I saw a buffalo in the zoo 10.VP  V NP PP Adv : I saw a buffalo in the zoo silently 11.VP  (Adv) V NP PP Adv : father silently wept bitterly 12.PP  P NP : in the zoo