Rome.

Name: Rome.
Uploaded: 2017-09-07T09:55:31+00:00
Duration: PTM31S55
Channel: Estella Davis
Description: Rome.

BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…
Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall? Is this fall inevitable? What makes a great leader?

What qualities make a good leader? – period 10
Write down at least 5 qualities that make a good leader Fair Mentally Strong Good at Foreign Affairs Morals Tough Wise Sociable Brave Loyal Leadership Skills Compassionate Fun Military Intelligence Not Earl Responsible Strict Trustworthy Intelligent Respectful Strategic Courageous Hard Working Think “Outside the Box” Dangerous Smart Willing to put People first Strong

What qualities make a good leader? – period 7/8
Write down at least 5 qualities that make a good leader Fair Smart - Intelligent Caring Wise – Common Sense Trustworthy Tough Honest Responsible Brave Organized Keep Control Open to suggestion Prudent Good Judgment Strong Religious Powerful Equal treatment for all Aggressive Reliable Respected Well liked Considerate Supportive Courageous Non-corruptible Creative Patriotic

What qualities make a good leader? – period 5/6
Write down at least 5 qualities that make a good leader Fair Good judgment Help People Brave Have Respect of People Solve Problems Persuasive Experience Smart Powerful Protect People Good in tough situations Think things out Doesn’t give up How to control Self Respect Moral Quick witted

Write down at least 5 qualities that make a good leader Fair Knowledge of how city works Intelligent Reliable Good strategist Good governing skills Understands the people Good at military Confident Convincing Trustworthy Experience Able to make prosperous Ability to defend Powerful Wise Conflict Resolution Courageous Loyal Unite

Write down at least 5 qualities that make a good leader Fair Wise* Gets stuff done Need to know what is best Get people to follow Smart Courageous Good Military Leader Leadership skills Consistent

The Roman Republic

Beginnings of Rome Legend – Rome founded by Romulus and Remus – 753B.C. Sons of Mars (Ares in Greek) Abandoned and raised by a wolf

Rome Built on 7 rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber river
3 Groups influenced the region – Latins, Greeks and Etruscans Latins were shepherds who wandered across Italy settling in Rome and surrounding area Greek settlements in south brought Rome into closer contact with Greece and Greek culture Etruscans native to northern Italy metalworkers and engineers

Rome – merging cultures
The Etruscans create a system of writing and Romans adopt their alphabet Roman architecture is influenced by Etruscans especially the arch Romans learn grape and olive growing from Greeks Borrow religious ideas from both: Take Etruscan rituals Model gods after Greek gods

The Republic After years of rule by kings the Romans agree to never again be ruled by a king They decide to form what they call a Republic

What is a Republic? Type of government
Power rests with citizens who vote for their leaders Similar in many ways to the United States

Early Republic Different groups struggle for control
Patricians – wealthy landowners Inherited positions by birth Plebeians – farmers artisans and merchants While citizens, barred from holding most offices In time they were allowed to elect own assembly and own officials called tribunes

Twelve Tables Early victory for Plebeians was to get a law code passed
With laws unwritten all law was open to interpretation Establish the idea that all citizens are protected by law

Government Under Republic

How similar was the Roman Republic to the United States? - Ex
ROME Two consuls elected by the assembly for one year Chief executives of the government and commander-in-chief of the army UNITED STATES President elected by the “people” every four years Chief executive of the government and commander-in-chief of the army

Rome vs U.S.A. - Senate ROME 300 members
Chosen from aristocracy for life Controls foreign and financial policies Advises counsuls USA 100 Members Elected by the people for six year terms Makes laws Advises president on foreign policy

Rome vs U.S.A. - Rep Rome Centuriate Assembly Tribal Assembly USA
All male citizen soldiers are members for life Select consuls make laws Tribal Assembly Citizens grouped according to where they live elected for life Elects Tribunes & Makes laws USA House of Representatives 435 members Elected by people every two years Makes laws, levy’s taxes

Rome vs U.S.A. - courts ROME Praetors
Eight Judges chosen by Centuriate Assembly Serve one year terms 2 oversee civil and criminal courts Other six govern provinces USA Supreme Court Nine justices appointed by president For life Highest Court Hears civil and criminal appeal cases

Rome vs U.S.A. - Law ROME Legal Code
The twelve tables – a list of rules that are the basis of the Roman legal system Citizens – Adult male landowners USA Legal code Constitution – basic laws and founding principles of the United States Citizens – all native born or naturalized persons

The Republic - Dictators
In times of crisis the republic could appoint a dictator A dictator would stay in power for only six months Dictators were chosen by consuls and elected by the Senate Do you see any potential problems with this being a law? How could people take advantage?

Roman Army All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the army Organized into legions Legion was 500 foot soldiers A group of cavalry would support each legion Within each legion a group of 80 men was called a century Centuries could act independently

Rome Conquers the Mediterranean
After taking Italy, Rome comes into conflict with Carthage Carthage was an ancient Phoenician city and the largest and wealthiest in the area Carthage Empire: Northern Africa Coast, Southern Spain, Sardinia, Corsica & western Sicily

The First Punic War Tensions between Rome and Carthage rise
Beginning in 264 B.C. Carthage was a huge naval power Rome a massive land power

First Punic War To defeat the Carthaginians Rome built a huge navy
Defeated the Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily Carthage vowed revenge took Spain to make up for loss of Sicily Roman ally in Spain revolts against Carthage

Second Punic War Great Carthaginian general Hannibal plan attack
Hannibal moves across the Alps with huge army – including battle elephants – 216B.C. Rome decided to take Hannibal head on

Battle of Cannae Rome and Carthage have huge battle
Rome loses almost 40,000 men Rome does not surrender, instead raises another army

Roman victory Rome gradually recovers
Hannibal did not have the supplies or men to attack cities Slowly take back Italy Move into Spain and push Carthage out Instead of attacking Hannibal in Italy – Rome invade Carthage in 202B.C. Rome crushes Carthage – now the dominate power in the Mediterranean

Third Punic War Lasted from 149-146 B.C.
Much smaller than previous two Resulted in complete destruction of city of Carthage and taking of all of Carthage Territory

Around same time Fighting between Rome and Hellenistic states of Macedonia Four wars between 215 and 148 B.C. Rome makes Macedonia a province Rome now unchallenged in Mediterranean

Read page 155 How did Cincinnatus embody the characteristics of an ideal Roman citizen? How is he a different dictator than what we think of dictators today?

Rome Becomes an Empire

Qualities of an Empire Good leader Laws Power Unity Conquests
Army - Strong Monarchy Leadership Morals Trade Civilization Social Structure Beliefs Organization Foundation Work together Peaceful Good govt Environmentally? Fair Savage – Enchanting Growing Land Communication

Qualities of an Empire Power People Strong Gov’t Army Social Structure
Land Intelligent People Order Ruler Culture Trade Language Control Economic Structure Stability Good gov’t Death Star? Techniques Leader

Qualities of an Empire Power Good leaders King – Pharaoh Communication
Laws Risks Protection Army Legacy People Land

Qualities of an Empire Good military Powerful Strong ruler
Consistent rule United rule Vast Lots of People People willing to follow Gov’t Trustworthy Cooperation Equal ruling Commitment Listen to people outside empire Large Area Strong Good Set gov’t educated ruler Pride Impenetrable Experienced Economy

Qualities of an Empire Army Government Strong leader- Emperor
Good society Happy people Money People Writing system Technology Land Rules – Laws Economy Loyalty Smiling? Jobs Trade No Corruption

Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall? Is this fall inevitable? What makes a great leader?

Problems Arise in Rome The Senate in Rome becomes the ruling body of the government Remember: that the senate was wealthy aristocracy and ruled for life Senate directed the wars Took control of foreign affairs Took domestic policy Took financial policy

Problems within the Senate
Senate was becoming controlled by a small number of families These people represented a small minority of Roman people

Increase in poor As large landowners grew more powerful small farmers struggled Small farmers would lose their land These landless poor would flock to the cities

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Two brothers come up with a solution to help the poor Called for vote to have government take back land from large landowners and give it back to poor farmers Angered at this attempt to take their lands they were killed

Changing Army Marius – seeing a need to increase the size of the army came up with new recruiting of soldiers Promised soldiers land in exchange for service Now individual generals could recruit their own armies Soldiers would pledge allegiance to generals not Rome Army now made up of lower class men

Siege of Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla – General commanding troops in Asia Minor When council of plebs tried to transfer control of his armies civil war broke out Sulla eventually takes Rome Kills much of his opposition Restores the Republic 82 B.C. His example of using an army to seize power leads to chaos

Collapse of the Republic
For 50 years Rome was overtaken by civil wars 3 men emerge as victors Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar

First Triumvirate Crassus – the richest man in Rome
Pompey – Great general and leader in Spain Julius Caesar – Great general also in Spain Together they ruled outside of Rome

Falls apart Crassus dies in battle
The Senate decided that they wanted Pompey Asked Caesar to lay down his command Caesar refuses Caesar advances on Rome – Crossed the Rubicon

Caesar wins Caesar defeated Pompey and becomes the key figure in Rome
He becomes dictator 45 B.C. He gives land to the poor Increases the senate to 900 – filling it with his supporters He is assassinated in 44 B.C.

Second Triumvirate New struggle for power Three men step forward
Octavian – Caesars’ grandnephew Antony – Caesars’ assistant Lepidus – commander of Caesars’ cavalry

Two divide Rome Octavian takes the East Antony the West War breaks out
Antony allies with Egypt and Cleopatra Antony is crushed by Octavian Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide

Octavian = Augustus Octavian becomes first Emperor Restores the senate
Senate gives him the title of Augustus (meaning revered one) Senate also makes him commander-in-chief of the army imperator

Augustus Maintained a huge standing army
Stabilized the frontiers of Roman empire However lost many battles in Germany – learned Rome was not unlimited in power Sets up government so that he can choose his successor

The early Empire First four emperor’s to succeed Augustus: Tiberius
Caligula Claudius Nero

Tiberius 2nd Roman Emperor Great General Adopted by Augustus
Served to a very old age

Caligula Given power by Tiberius with Tiberius’ grandson Gemellus
Had Gemellus executed Often referred to himself as a god Tried to have his horse given political office Assassinated

Claudius Empire undergoes major expansion
Did try to please the Senate – since his claim to the throne was weak He was murdered

Nero Stepson to Claudius
Killed many people who were politically his enemies (even his own mother) Troops revolted against him Early persecutor of Christians He committed suicide Nero “fiddled while Rome burned”

Pax Romana Meaning Roman Peace
It was the long period of limited expansion and relative peace Emperors of this period were good emperors Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius

Under 5 Good Emperors Power of the Emperor continued to expand
Senate lost more power Appointed officials took over running the government Created programs to help people Built many public works like aqueducts, roads, bridges and harbors throughout the provinces

Roman Roads Essential to growth of the empire
They served as military freeways Allowed for expanded trade In the Twelve Tables it states that Roads should be 8ft wide and 16 feet where curved

Roman Aqueducts Built to supply water to cities and various sites
One of the greatest engineering feats of ancient times Many are still used today Also used as sewers

Extent of Roman Empire

Spread of Christianity

The Message of Jesus Luke 6:27-31
27 ‘But I say to you that listen, Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, 28bless those who curse you, pray for those who abuse you. 29If anyone strikes you on the cheek, offer the other also; and from anyone who takes away your coat do not withhold even your shirt. 30Give to everyone who begs from you; and if anyone takes away your goods, do not ask for them again. 31Do to others as you would have them do to you.

The Message of Jesus Matthew 5:3-10 (New International Version)
3Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 4Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted. 5Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth. 6Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled. 7Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy. 8Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God. 9Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God. 10Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

The Message of Jesus Matthew 5:39 (New International Version)
39But I tell you, Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.

The Message of Jesus Matthew 22: 34-40 The Greatest Commandment
34Hearing that Jesus had silenced the Sadducees, the Pharisees got together. 35One of them, an expert in the law, tested him with this question: 36"Teacher, which is the greatest commandment in the Law?" 37Jesus replied: " 'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.'[b] 38This is the first and greatest commandment. 39And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.'[c] 40All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments."

The Message of Jesus Mark 9: 33-37 Who is Greatest?
33They came to Capernaum. When he was in the house, he asked them, "What were you arguing about on the road?" 34But they kept quiet because on the way they had argued about who was the greatest. 35Sitting down, Jesus called the Twelve and said, "If anyone wants to be first, he must be the very last, and the servant of all." 36He took a little child and had him stand among them. Taking him in his arms, he said to them, 37"Whoever welcomes one of these little children in my name welcomes me; and whoever welcomes me does not welcome me but the one who sent me."

The Message of Jesus John 3:16 - New International Version For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.

Question to discuss What would you say is the message of Jesus?
How is the message of Jesus contradictory to much of the history of Rome? Why would this message spread?

Spread of Christianity

Beginnings Jesus is seen as a revolutionary
Killed by Romans and Jews - Crucified Rose from dead Movement within Judaism Apostles spread the word

Matthew 22: 15-22 Paying Taxes to Caesar
15Then the Pharisees went out and laid plans to trap him in his words. 16They sent their disciples to him along with the Herodians. "Teacher," they said, "we know you are a man of integrity and that you teach the way of God in accordance with the truth. You aren't swayed by men, because you pay no attention to who they are. 17Tell us then, what is your opinion? Is it right to pay taxes to Caesar or not?" 18But Jesus, knowing their evil intent, said, "You hypocrites, why are you trying to trap me? 19Show me the coin used for paying the tax." They brought him a denarius, 20and he asked them, "Whose portrait is this? And whose inscription?" 21"Caesar's," they replied. Then he said to them, "Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's." 22When they heard this, they were amazed. So they left him and went away.

Simon Peter Apostles are the early leaders of the Church
Leader of the apostles Becomes the first Pope 17Jesus replied, "Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by man, but by my Father in heaven. 18And I tell you that you are Peter and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. 19I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven." 20Then he warned his disciples not to tell anyone that he was the Christ.

Peter Peter goes to Rome Becomes Bishop of Rome Eventually is martyred
Crucified upside down

St. Paul Born Saul of Tarsus Never met Jesus Was a devout Jew
Early persecutor of Christians Knocked from his horse on the road to Damascus one day and converted His teachings make up much of New Testament

St. Paul Paul teaches that Jesus is savior
Son of God sent to earth to save humanity Jesus’ death makes up for all the sin of humans Wrote many epistles Went on four missionary journeys

Journeys of St. Paul Paul's first journey as a Christian missionary began when members of the congregation at Antioch selected Paul and Barnabas to take the gospel to new places. Setting out from Antioch, they sailed to Cyprus, then ventured to regions that lie in what today is Turkey.

Journeys of St. Paul Paul's second journey took him to western Asia Minor and Greece. Departing from Antioch, Paul traveled westward through the regions of Cilicia, Phrygia, and Galatia in what today is the country of Turkey. After arriving at Troas on the west coast of Asia Minor, he ventured still further westward, bringing the gospel to Europe.

Journeys of St. Paul Paul's Third Journey involves a long ministry at Ephesus as well as travels to cities in Macedonia and Greece. This phase of his ministry would eventually lead back to Jerusalem where he would be arrested. Following his arrest, he would spend over two years in jail at Caesarea.

Journeys of St. Paul Paul's journey to Rome was a sea voyage that began at Caesarea. Traveling late in the season, the ship ran into stormy weather while seeking shelter on Crete. After weeks at sea, the ship brought Paul and the others to Malta. After spending the remainder of the winter there, Paul went north to Rome. There he awaited a hearing before the emperor.

Roman Persecution Initially Romans thought that Christians were a different sect of Judaism Romans generally tolerated different religions, unless religion caused social disorder Christians seen as harmful because they refused to worship State gods and Emperors – because it was thought to be harmful to their own salvation Persecutions began during Nero

Christian Martyrs Nero blamed the Christians for burning Rome
Subjected them to cruel deaths But, by the end of 2nd century persecutions had diminished

Growth of the Church These persecutions strengthened the church
Caused the church to become organized And made the followers very committed By the end of third century Christianity had spread widely

Why did it spread? Was personal and offered salvation (eternal life)
Similar to other religions and seemed familiar Fulfilled the human need to belong Attractive to all social classes especially the poor

Diocletian Did the last great persecution of the Christians
Admitted that Christians could not be removed by force

Constantine The first Christian Emperor
Exposed to Christian beliefs as child Battle of Milvian bridge - Labarum Issued edict of Milan – proclaiming tolerance of Christians Baptized at his death

Official religion of Rome
Theodosius the Great Promoted Nicene Trinitarianism Which asserted that Jesus, the Son, was equal to the Father, one with the Father

Tomorrow Read Page 178 #1, 2 & 6

The Fall

Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall? Is this decline and fall inevitable?

Decline – Political Upheavals
From who ever had the military would be emperor 22 Different emperors Most killed violently

Decline - Invasions East – Sassanid Persians
North – German tribes pour into

Decline – Economic Problems
Plagues, invasions and constant civil wars caused a near economic collapse Decline in trade Labor shortage Farm production declined Monetary system began to show signs of collapse

Decline – Military Problems
With invasions armies were needed Decline in population –fewer soldiers Decline in money – can’t hire soldiers Had to rely on hiring Germans No loyalty No understanding

New Beginning Under Constantine and Diocletian – New State
New Government Structure Rigid Economic System Rigid Social System New State Religion

Diocletian & Constantine
Divided the kingdom up into four parts Each had its own ruler His military power allowed him to claim high authority Increased the bureaucracy Increased army to 500,000 troops Doing this however cost money

Reforms To combat inflation set price ceilings Set minimum wage
Forced people to stay in designated occupations Basic jobs become hereditary Small farmers become indebted to large landowners

Constantine Moves Capital
Biggest project of this time was moving the capital Moved to Byzantium – Greek city Then renamed Constantinople More strategic location

FALL! Reforms did little in the long run
Rome remains divided with two different capitals Invasions increased

Visigoths – 378

Visigoths – 410 sacked Rome

444 Huns unite – 452 attack Rome

Vandals – 455 sacked Rome

476 Fall of Western Roman Empire

Reasons why Rome fell Christianity weakened the military virtues
Roman values declined due to foreign influences Lead poisoning lead to mental decline in population Plague wiped out 1/10 of the population Failed to advance technologically slavery No workable political system

Rome.

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