1. Human Body Systems Project Part 1 By: Matt Rames

2. Digestive System

3. Function Function Break down food particles into small pieces Break down food particles into small pieces Provide energy for the body Provide energy for the body Nourish cells Nourish cells

4. Digestive System Mouth Mouth Salivary Glands Salivary Glands Pharynx Pharynx Esophagus Esophagus

5. Digestive System Mouth Mouth First step in breaking down large food materials First step in breaking down large food materials Chewing breaks down the large food materials so that the body can easily digest it. Chewing breaks down the large food materials so that the body can easily digest it. Salvia mixes with the food so that it can then be broken down and absorb by the body. Salvia mixes with the food so that it can then be broken down and absorb by the body.

6. Digestive System Salivary Glands Salivary Glands Creates saliva that helps food go down the esophagus smoother. Creates saliva that helps food go down the esophagus smoother. Also has enzymes in it that helps break down food that the body can use. Also has enzymes in it that helps break down food that the body can use.

7. Digestive System Pharynx Pharynx It acts as a passage way for food on its way to the stomach. It acts as a passage way for food on its way to the stomach. It acts as a passage way for air on its way to the lungs. It acts as a passage way for air on its way to the lungs.

8. Digestive System Esophagus Esophagus Receives food that has been broken down in the mouth and transports it to the stomach. Receives food that has been broken down in the mouth and transports it to the stomach. Delivers food to the stomach through a process of muscle contractions called peristalsis. Delivers food to the stomach through a process of muscle contractions called peristalsis.

9. Digestive System Stomach Stomach Small Intestine (duodenum, ileum, jejunum) Small Intestine (duodenum, ileum, jejunum) Large Intestine Large Intestine

10. Digestive System Stomach Stomach The hollow organ where food is broken down into even smaller particles. The hollow organ where food is broken down into even smaller particles. Enzymes help this process Enzymes help this process Stomach is lined with a Strong Acid that helps break own the food particles into usable nutrients for the body. Stomach is lined with a Strong Acid that helps break own the food particles into usable nutrients for the body.

11. Digestive System Small Intestine Small Intestine The small intestine is 22 feet long, and uses the same muscular contractions as in the esophagus.(peristalsis) The small intestine is 22 feet long, and uses the same muscular contractions as in the esophagus.(peristalsis) Made up of three segments (duodenum, ileum, jejunum) Made up of three segments (duodenum, ileum, jejunum) Duodenums main job is to break down materials with enzymes that are released from the liver and pancreas. Duodenums main job is to break down materials with enzymes that are released from the liver and pancreas. The ileum and jejunum job is to absorb all the nutrients that are left behind into the bloodstream. The ileum and jejunum job is to absorb all the nutrients that are left behind into the bloodstream.

12. Digestive System Large Intestine Large Intestine Is made up of 5 parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, cecum, sigmoid colon. Is made up of 5 parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, cecum, sigmoid colon. Main function is to process waste so that it leaves the body. Main function is to process waste so that it leaves the body. While going through the large intestine the water is removed changing waste from a liquid to solid. While going through the large intestine the water is removed changing waste from a liquid to solid. Takes 36 hours to go through the colon. Takes 36 hours to go through the colon.

13. Digestive System Liver Liver Pancreas Pancreas Gallbladder Gallbladder

14. Digestive System Liver Liver Process nutrients that are absorb in the small intestine. Process nutrients that are absorb in the small intestine. Creates bile which is used in the small intestine to break down food. Creates bile which is used in the small intestine to break down food. Chemical factory (takes raw materials that are digested in the body and creates them into chemicals that the body needs. Chemical factory (takes raw materials that are digested in the body and creates them into chemicals that the body needs. It also breaks down toxic chemicals that maybe harmful to the body. It also breaks down toxic chemicals that maybe harmful to the body.

15. Digestive System Pancreas Pancreas Helps break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats with an enzyme that it secretes into the duodenum. Helps break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats with an enzyme that it secretes into the duodenum. Produces Insulin for the body.(insulin is the chief hormone for metabolizing sugar) Produces Insulin for the body.(insulin is the chief hormone for metabolizing sugar) The insulin is filed into the bloodstream. The insulin is filed into the bloodstream.

16. Digestive System Gallbladder Gallbladder Stores the bile that is created in the liver (gives it the color green for appearance) Stores the bile that is created in the liver (gives it the color green for appearance) Releases bile into the duodenum to help break down food. Releases bile into the duodenum to help break down food.

17. Digestive System Rectum Rectum Anus Anus Sphincters Sphincters

18. Digestive System Rectum Rectum 8-inch chamber that holds waste and connects the colon to the anus. 8-inch chamber that holds waste and connects the colon to the anus. Once the chamber is full the brain will receive a signal to relax the sphincters and release the waste. Once the chamber is full the brain will receive a signal to relax the sphincters and release the waste. If the chamber needs to be disposed of but can not the sphincters contract so that the feeling goes away. If the chamber needs to be disposed of but can not the sphincters contract so that the feeling goes away.

19. Digestive System Anus/Spinchers Anus/Spinchers 2-inch long chamber containing to external and internal Sphincters and a pelvic muscle. 2-inch long chamber containing to external and internal Sphincters and a pelvic muscle. Pelvic muscle keeps waste from coming out of our body when we don’t want it to come out. Pelvic muscle keeps waste from coming out of our body when we don’t want it to come out. Internal sphincters are constantly tight unless waste is coming into the rectum. It also keeps us from pooping while we sleep. Internal sphincters are constantly tight unless waste is coming into the rectum. It also keeps us from pooping while we sleep. External sphincters hold the waste in until we dispose of it into a toilet. External sphincters hold the waste in until we dispose of it into a toilet.

20. Digestive System Food Passes Through Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small and Large Intestine Rectum and Anus Food Doesn’t Pass Through Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Salivary Glands Sphincters

21. Digestive System Importance of Digestion Importance of Digestion Food molecules are made up of a lot of complex molecules that the body needs to break down. Food molecules are made up of a lot of complex molecules that the body needs to break down. The digestive system will take those complex food molecules and break them down into simple molecules so that they can pass through the cell membranes. The digestive system will take those complex food molecules and break them down into simple molecules so that they can pass through the cell membranes.

22. Digestive System Importance of Enzymes Importance of Enzymes Physical digestion can only break food molecules down to a certain point. Once they have done their job enzymes will break the food down farther so that they can be absorbed through the cell membrane. Physical digestion can only break food molecules down to a certain point. Once they have done their job enzymes will break the food down farther so that they can be absorbed through the cell membrane. Enzymes digest different molecules while physical digestion tries to digest all of them at once. Enzymes digest different molecules while physical digestion tries to digest all of them at once.

23. Digestive System Chemical Saliva in the mouth Enzymes in the saliva Acids in the stomach Enzymes in the small intestine Physical Chewing of the mouth Peristalsis in the esophagus Peristalsis in the small intestine

24. Digestive System Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Proteins Proteins Lipids Lipids

25. Digestive System Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Monosaccharaides(glucose) Monosaccharaides(glucose) Disaccharides(sucrose) Disaccharides(sucrose) Polysaccharides(starch) Polysaccharides(starch) Very complex Carbs(cellulose) Very complex Carbs(cellulose) The move complex the molecule the longer the molecule will take to dissolve into the bloodstream The move complex the molecule the longer the molecule will take to dissolve into the bloodstream

26. Digestive System Carbohydrates Carbohydrates The goal of the digestive system is to break down di and polysaccharides into monosaccharaides so that they can go through the cell membrane. The goal of the digestive system is to break down di and polysaccharides into monosaccharaides so that they can go through the cell membrane. The move complex the molecule the longer the molecule will take to dissolve into the bloodstream The move complex the molecule the longer the molecule will take to dissolve into the bloodstream

27. Digestive System Digestion in the Mouth Digestion in the Mouth o Salvia has an enzyme called amylase o Breaks down complex carbs into simple carbs Digestion in the Stomach Digestion in the Stomach o Digestive Acids o Digestion in the stomach is super slow

28. Digestive System Digestion in the Small Intestine Digestion in the Small Intestine o Pancreas has a different form of amylase o Released in the duodenum o Decrease complex carb molecules into very simple carb molecules In the end most carbs are digested into glucose so that they can pass through the cell membrane easily. In the end most carbs are digested into glucose so that they can pass through the cell membrane easily.

29. Digestive System Protein Protein Used to build and repair cells Used to build and repair cells Regulate a number of body systems Regulate a number of body systems Used to make neurotransmitters, DNA, and RNA Used to make neurotransmitters, DNA, and RNA

30. Digestive System Proteins Proteins Digestion in the Stomach Digestion in the Stomach o Proteinases or proteases are the digestive enzymes for proteins in the stomach o Molecules take a very complex form of amino acid chains o Hydrochloric Acid(breaks proteins down into amino acids) o Gastric Enzyme Pepsin(the only enzyme able to break down collagen)

31. Digestive System Digestion in the Small Intestine Digestion in the Small Intestine o Trypsin and Chymotrypsin o Trypsin breaks down molecules into single amino acids(process is called hydrolysis) o Hydrolysis inserts a water between two amino acids causing them to fit between the villa and into the blood stream. o Distributed through red blood cells and liquid blood plasma

32. Digestive System Lipids Lipids Digestion in the Small Intestine Digestion in the Small Intestine o Lipase(enters duodenum from the pancreas) o Breaks down lipid molecules into fatty acid and glycerol molecules o Fats don’t dissolve in water o Bile is then released into the duodenum to emulsifies fats o This helps lipase gain easier access to fats

33. Digestive System Disorders Disorders Gastritis Gastritis Crohn's Disease Crohn's Disease

34. Digestive System Gastritis Gastritis Inflammation of the lining of the stomach Inflammation of the lining of the stomach Symptoms: Upset stomach, blood in stool Symptoms: Upset stomach, blood in stool This can happen in anyone who drinks to much but it can also happen for no reason This can happen in anyone who drinks to much but it can also happen for no reason Proton Pump Inhibitors, Histamine or H2 blockers Proton Pump Inhibitors, Histamine or H2 blockers

35. Digestive System Crohn's Disease Crohn's Disease Is an inflammation of the small intestine Is an inflammation of the small intestine Symptoms: diarrhea, fever, blood in stool, anal fissures, weight loss Symptoms: diarrhea, fever, blood in stool, anal fissures, weight loss Unknown Unknown Vitamin supplements, Surgery Vitamin supplements, Surgery

36. Circulatory System

37. Function Function Transportation of gases throughout the body Transportation of gases throughout the body Transportation of nutrients (glucose) Transportation of nutrients (glucose) Transportation of waste from cells to organs Transportation of waste from cells to organs Maintain pH levels and ionic transportation of fluids Maintain pH levels and ionic transportation of fluids Maintain body temperature Maintain body temperature

38. Circulatory System Structure of Arteries Outer surface has a smooth muscle fiber Contracts and relaxes Receives instruction from sympathetic nervous system Function of Arteries Transport blood away from the heart Transport oxygenated blood only(unless it is a pulmonary artery)

39. Circulatory System Structure of Capillaries Capillaries are super small Networks of capillaries in the organs and tissues of the human body Walls are only one cell thick With this they can exchange material through their walls Function of Capillaries Exchange of oxygen, carbon, water etc. Remove waste from surrounding cells Supply tissues with components

40. Circulatory System Structure of Veins Outer surface has three layers of tissues Veins contain values that help aid the return of blood to the heart Function of Veins Transports blood towards heart Transports deoxygenated blood only( unless it is a pulmonary vein)

41. Circulatory System Blood in and out of the Heart Blood in and out of the Heart Deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava which comes from the upper and lower body. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava which comes from the upper and lower body. Then it flows into the right atrium following the path to the right ventricle.(from the atrium to the ventricle it must go through the right AV value) Then it flows into the right atrium following the path to the right ventricle.(from the atrium to the ventricle it must go through the right AV value) It then flows into the left and right pulmonary artery.(must go through the pulmonary value before enter the pulmonary artery) It then flows into the left and right pulmonary artery.(must go through the pulmonary value before enter the pulmonary artery) Once it is out of the heart it flows to the right and left lung. Once it is out of the heart it flows to the right and left lung.

42. Circulatory System Blood in and out of the Heart Blood in and out of the Heart Oxygenated blood flows into the heart rom the right and left pulmonary veins. Oxygenated blood flows into the heart rom the right and left pulmonary veins. This blood just came from the lungs. This blood just came from the lungs. It then flows into the left atrium, and the left ventricle.(must go through the left AV value before entering the aorta) It then flows into the left atrium, and the left ventricle.(must go through the left AV value before entering the aorta) Once in the ventricle it flows into the aorta which release the blood into the blood. Once in the ventricle it flows into the aorta which release the blood into the blood.

43. Circulatory System Composition of Blood Composition of Blood 99% red blood cells(1/3 hemoglobin)(water, proteins, carbs, lipids, hormones, vitamins, dissolved gas, cellular waste, electrolytes) 99% red blood cells(1/3 hemoglobin)(water, proteins, carbs, lipids, hormones, vitamins, dissolved gas, cellular waste, electrolytes) 1% white blood cells(Granulocytes and Agranulocytes) and platelets 1% white blood cells(Granulocytes and Agranulocytes) and platelets Plasma is 92% water Plasma is 92% water Plasma protein groups (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens) Plasma protein groups (albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens)

44. Circulatory System Structure of Erythrocytes 6-8 micrometers 2 micrometer thickness Red blood cells are flexibly which gives them the capability to square through small capillaries. Function of Erythrocytes To pick up oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body. To gather carbon dioxide and bring it to the lungs to be oxygenated.

45. Circulatory System Open Common in mollusks and arthropods(insects) Hemocoel Blood surrounds all the body tissues in a open circulatory system Closed Blood is enclosed at all times Blood is pump by the heart Blood surrounds all the body tissues in a closed circulatory system

46. Circulatory System Fish Fish Two-chambered heart (atrium, ventricle, sac-like thin wall) Two-chambered heart (atrium, ventricle, sac-like thin wall) Blood contains plasma and blood cells Blood contains plasma and blood cells

47. Circulatory System Amphibians Amphibians 3 chambered heart 3 chambered heart High pressure in vessels lead to both lungs and body in an amphibians. High pressure in vessels lead to both lungs and body in an amphibians.

48. Circulatory System Reptiles Reptiles Ventricle is some what divided. Ventricle is some what divided. This reduces the mixing of blood. This reduces the mixing of blood.

49. Circulatory System Mammals Mammals 4 chambered heart 4 chambered heart Two separate pumps Two separate pumps High pressure goes to the body High pressure goes to the body Low pressure goes to the lungs. Low pressure goes to the lungs.

50. Circulatory System Disorders Disorders Hypertension (high blood pressure) Hypertension (high blood pressure) Can cause damage to the heart and blood vessels Can cause damage to the heart and blood vessels Increasing chances of heart attack Increasing chances of heart attack This can be stopped by eating healthy and exercising daily This can be stopped by eating healthy and exercising daily You can take drugs to decrease high blood pressure You can take drugs to decrease high blood pressure

51. Circulatory System Disorders Disorders Arrhythmia-happens when the hear is beating either to fast or to slow Arrhythmia-happens when the hear is beating either to fast or to slow Symptoms: irregular heart beat Symptoms: irregular heart beat Congenital problem Congenital problem Treatment: Surgery, drugs Treatment: Surgery, drugs

52. Respiratory System

53. Function Function Regulate body temperature Regulate body temperature Transport system Transport system Gas exchange system Gas exchange system

54. Respiratory System Alveoli Alveoli Walls of the alveoli are extremely thin Walls of the alveoli are extremely thin Large surface area compared to volume Large surface area compared to volume Fluid lined (gives gases the chance to dissolve) Fluid lined (gives gases the chance to dissolve) Covered with capillaries Covered with capillaries Gas exchange takes place inside the alveoli Gas exchange takes place inside the alveoli Oxygen leaves the alveoli to go to the rest of the body; while carbon dioxide goes into the alveoli to be dissolved out of the body. Oxygen leaves the alveoli to go to the rest of the body; while carbon dioxide goes into the alveoli to be dissolved out of the body.

55. Respiratory System Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Oxygen that is inhaled by the lungs diffuses through the walls of the alveoli and capillaries into the red blood cells. Oxygen that is inhaled by the lungs diffuses through the walls of the alveoli and capillaries into the red blood cells. The oxygen is then carried out of the alveoli by red blood cells and into the body tissues. The oxygen is then carried out of the alveoli by red blood cells and into the body tissues. Carbon dioxide is brought into the alveoli by deoxygenated red blood cells. Carbon dioxide is brought into the alveoli by deoxygenated red blood cells. Those gases inside the cell are then dissolved through the walls of the alveoli and released out of the body. Those gases inside the cell are then dissolved through the walls of the alveoli and released out of the body.

56. Respiratory System Oxygen's Path Oxygen's Path Comes into your body from your nasal passages and mouth Comes into your body from your nasal passages and mouth The oxygen then goes down the trachea (wind pipe) The oxygen then goes down the trachea (wind pipe) Then goes into the bronchi and then bronchioles which are small air ways. Then goes into the bronchi and then bronchioles which are small air ways. Then we enter the alveoli where the air is dissolved into red blood cells. Then we enter the alveoli where the air is dissolved into red blood cells. Once in the cell it changes into hemoglobin. Once in the cell it changes into hemoglobin.

57. Respiratory System Inhalation Starts with the onset of contraction of the diagram Expansion of intrapleural space Increase in negative pressure Generates airflow (pressure difference) Air enters through the mouth and nose Exhalation Main reason for exhalation is to get ride of Carbon waste Expiratory muscles generate abdominal pressure Forces air out of the lungs

58. Respiratory System Disorders Disorders Asthma-widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways Asthma-widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways Symptoms-difficultly breathing, wheezing Symptoms-difficultly breathing, wheezing Prevalence-demands on number of drugs your body is exposed too and allergies you are exposed too. Prevalence-demands on number of drugs your body is exposed too and allergies you are exposed too. Treatment-inhaler, other drugs Treatment-inhaler, other drugs

59. Respiratory System Disorders Disorders Emphysema-air sacs of the alveoli are enlarged and damaged Emphysema-air sacs of the alveoli are enlarged and damaged Symptoms-serve breathing difficultly Symptoms-serve breathing difficultly Prevalence-high risk in people that smoke and old age Prevalence-high risk in people that smoke and old age Treatment-Drugs, inhaler in some Treatment-Drugs, inhaler in some

60. Immune System

61. Function Function To defend the body from invading viruses and infections. To defend the body from invading viruses and infections. For example one defense strategy is to send white blood cells tat contain a huge amount of lysosomes. For example one defense strategy is to send white blood cells tat contain a huge amount of lysosomes.

62. Immune System Major Organs Major Organs Spleen Spleen Bone Marrow Bone Marrow Thymus Thymus Lymph nodes Lymph nodes Mucosa Mucosa T-Cells, B-Cells T-Cells, B-Cells

63. Immune System Pathogens Pathogens The body send out a response called inflammation. The body send out a response called inflammation. This increases blood flow which helps fight bacteria. This increases blood flow which helps fight bacteria. Immune cells work with proteins to destroy foreign invaders. Immune cells work with proteins to destroy foreign invaders. Immune cells are white blood cells Immune cells are white blood cells White blood cells can have different tasks. Some attack the invading organism while others destroy infected body cells. White blood cells can have different tasks. Some attack the invading organism while others destroy infected body cells. Antibodies a special protein that marks intruders. Antibodies a special protein that marks intruders.

64. Immune System Pathogens Pathogens Immune system has a special ability to remember bacteria from the past. Immune system has a special ability to remember bacteria from the past. Antigen is a foreign substance that sets off triggers in the body causing the immune system to attack. Antigen is a foreign substance that sets off triggers in the body causing the immune system to attack. Pathogen causes sickness (examples of pathogens are hostile bacteria and viruses. Pathogen causes sickness (examples of pathogens are hostile bacteria and viruses.

65. Immune System Innate Origin of Cells: red bone marrow Site of maturation: Red bone marrow (Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) Primary secretory product: histamin complement Allergic reaction: None Acquired Origin of Cells: red bone marrow Site of maturation: Red bone marrow, Thymus Primary secretory product: antibodies, cytokines Allergic reaction: Immediate hypersensitivity

66. Immune System Active Develops after a primary immune response This response is from live pathogen and a development of symptoms. Cell make antibodies. Passive The persons body does not produce antibodies. Receive antibodies through an injection. Antibodies or antitoxin

67. Immune System Humoral Can be effected by antibodies which are produced by plasma cells. Plasma cells are used toward a required foreign antigen. Cell-mediated Antibodies are not directly involved. Cellular destruction of alien

68. B lymphocytes These cells are used in the production of antibodies. Plasma and memory cells form. Plasma fight the antigen with antibodies. Memory cells remember the antigen for future reference. T lymphocytes Used for identifying antigens They also release chemical that attract macrophages.

69. Immune System Antibodies Antibodies First the a virus reproduce in the host cell. First the a virus reproduce in the host cell. Antibodies work only over the reproductive of the bacteria. Antibodies work only over the reproductive of the bacteria. Also they work over any other organism that might be infected. Also they work over any other organism that might be infected.

70. Immune System HIV/Aids Virus that attacks the immune system causing your body to malfunction Symptoms: fever, flu, rash Prevalence: 40 million people have HIV Treatment: none Asthma Occurs when the immune system reacts to a harmless pest. Symptoms: wheezing, coughing Prevalence: in 2009 24 million people had it in US Treatment: Inhaler

71. Excretory System

72. Function Function Also known as the urinary system which in one of the major 11 body systems. Also known as the urinary system which in one of the major 11 body systems. Maintain the volume and composition of the body fluids within normal limits. Maintain the volume and composition of the body fluids within normal limits.

73. Excretory System Nitrogen Waste Nitrogen Waste Ammonia-is the most toxic out of the three, requires a lot of water to dilute, this is usually found in only aquatic animals because of the large amount of water required to dilute Ammonia-is the most toxic out of the three, requires a lot of water to dilute, this is usually found in only aquatic animals because of the large amount of water required to dilute Urea-this is the second most toxic form of nitrogen waste, it does require water to dilute it and is excreted by sharks, humans and reptiles Urea-this is the second most toxic form of nitrogen waste, it does require water to dilute it and is excreted by sharks, humans and reptiles Uric Acid-is the least toxic of the three, requires very little water to dilute it, excreted by insects and birds Uric Acid-is the least toxic of the three, requires very little water to dilute it, excreted by insects and birds

74. Excretory Waste Process of nephron Process of nephron Filtration Filtration Reabsorption Reabsorption Secretion Secretion Excretion Excretion

75. Excretory Waste Filtration The process of filtering waste and excess water. This happens in the blood. It also filters valuable nutrients like glucose. After filtration happens reabsorption takes place. Reabsorption Substances that where filtrated travel back into the bloodstream. Happens in the renal tubules. 100% of glucose is reabsorbed

76. Excretory Waste Secretion This is the process of releasing oozing chemicals. Compared to excretion this product many not be waste. In secretion cells still have a function to play instead of being tossed out of the body. Excretion The elimination of metabolic waste The elimination of other toxic wastes.

77. Excretory System Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder caused by bacterial infection. Urge to urinate, blood in urine. 6.2 million people report it from 1988-1994 Antibiotics Urethritis The narrow tube the carries urine to the outside of the body becomes inflamed. Abdominal pain, fever, pelvic pain. 179 causes in 2004 Therapy (antibiotic therapy)

78. Endocrine System

79. Function Function Tissue Function Tissue Function Growth Development Growth Development Metabolism Metabolism Sexual Function Sexual Function Reproductive Process Reproductive Process

80. Endocrine System Homeostasis Homeostasis Dictionary Definition: The ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. Dictionary Definition: The ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. The endocrine system will release a chemical called hormones which are then sent to the blood to control certain things like blood sugar and heart rate. The endocrine system will release a chemical called hormones which are then sent to the blood to control certain things like blood sugar and heart rate.

81. Endocrine System Negative Feedback Negative Feedback Controls the release of relevant hormones. Controls the release of relevant hormones. Thyroid Function Thyroid Function Regulates energy consumption along with protein production and calcium in the blood. Regulates energy consumption along with protein production and calcium in the blood.

82. Endocrine System Disorders Disorders Type I Diabetes-the body does not produce insulin. Type I Diabetes-the body does not produce insulin. Type II Diabetes-the body does not produce insulin or the cells of the body do not read the insulin. Type II Diabetes-the body does not produce insulin or the cells of the body do not read the insulin. Dwarfism-is a medical condition in which grow is either delayed or very slow. Dwarfism-is a medical condition in which grow is either delayed or very slow.

83. Endocrine System Type I Diabetes The pancreas does not work so you need to inject the insulin manually. More common in children. Type II Diabetes The pancreas work but it doesn’t work 100 % of the time. Sometimes can be controlled through exercise and a good diet. More common in young adults.

84. Endocrine System Dwarfism Dwarfism Symptoms: body size is unequal in certain areas or the size of the body is smaller than an average human Symptoms: body size is unequal in certain areas or the size of the body is smaller than an average human Prevalence: Rare disease so it happens in these than 200,000 people per year Prevalence: Rare disease so it happens in these than 200,000 people per year Treatment: No treatment Treatment: No treatment

85. Reproductive System

86. Function Function The main function of the reproductive system is to reproduce offspring so that a group species does not die out. The main function of the reproductive system is to reproduce offspring so that a group species does not die out.

87. Reproductive System Sexual Has DNA from two different people. Male and Female Some animals can reproduce both ways. Examples: humans, birds, mammals Asexual Identical copy of the original organism. Binary fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation. Examples: Earthworms, tapeworms, flatworms

88. Reproductive System Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis Spermatocytogenesis divides to form a diploid intermediate cell called a primary spermatocyte. Spermatocytogenesis divides to form a diploid intermediate cell called a primary spermatocyte. Then the primary spermatocyte will copy its DNA and undergo meiosis to produce two haploid cells. Then the primary spermatocyte will copy its DNA and undergo meiosis to produce two haploid cells. The creation of spermatids form secondary spermatocytes. The creation of spermatids form secondary spermatocytes. They then begin to grow a tail and develop. They then begin to grow a tail and develop.

89. Reproductive System Oogenesis Oogenesis The making of an egg cell The making of an egg cell Oogenesis process is happening when a primary oocyte turns into a ovum after undergoing meiosis. Oogenesis process is happening when a primary oocyte turns into a ovum after undergoing meiosis. Large quantity is required to store nutrients Large quantity is required to store nutrients Primary oocyte-Meiosis I occurs-synapsis occurs and tetrads for as well as crossing over-secondary oocyte (first polar body)-Meiosis II-ootid (another polar body)-one polar body undergoes meiosis II-forming 2 more polar bodies-disintegrate leaving ootid-maturation-matures into a ovum Primary oocyte-Meiosis I occurs-synapsis occurs and tetrads for as well as crossing over-secondary oocyte (first polar body)-Meiosis II-ootid (another polar body)-one polar body undergoes meiosis II-forming 2 more polar bodies-disintegrate leaving ootid-maturation-matures into a ovum

90. Reproductive System Menstrual Cycle Shed the endometrium if the conception does nit occur during the cycle. Sexually active while in the menstrual or out of the cycle. Humans show no external signs of being in the menstrual cycle. Estrous Cycle Reabsorb the endometrium if the conception does not occur during the cycle. Sexually active only during the cycle (being in heat). Females give off a bloody vaginal discharge.

91. Reproductive Cycle Menstrual Cycle Menstrual Cycle Regulated by the hormone estrogen. Regulated by the hormone estrogen. First half of the cycle the estrogen will increase. First half of the cycle the estrogen will increase. Middle of the cycle the egg will travel down the fallopian tube in the uterus. Middle of the cycle the egg will travel down the fallopian tube in the uterus. Depending if a sperm enters the egg or out. If it does she becomes pregnant but if a sperm doesn’t show the body will drain itself. Depending if a sperm enters the egg or out. If it does she becomes pregnant but if a sperm doesn’t show the body will drain itself.

92. Reproductive System Development Development Zygote will undergo cleavage (mitosis) to produce a blastula. Zygote will undergo cleavage (mitosis) to produce a blastula. Blastula is a hollow ball of cells. Blastula is a hollow ball of cells. Cells will then move inward over a piece of the blastopore. Cells will then move inward over a piece of the blastopore. This forms the digestive system. This forms the digestive system. Then the germ layers will form. Then the germ layers will form. Some animals have two layers while others have three. Some animals have two layers while others have three.

93. Reproductive System Germ Layers Germ Layers A germ layer is a bunch of cell formed during embryogenesis. A germ layer is a bunch of cell formed during embryogenesis. The three germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The three germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Ectoderm-hair, nails, epidermis, lens of the eye Ectoderm-hair, nails, epidermis, lens of the eye Mesoderm-testes, ovaries, heart, bone, cartilage, muscles Mesoderm-testes, ovaries, heart, bone, cartilage, muscles Endoderm-lungs, bronchi, vagina, urinary bladder Endoderm-lungs, bronchi, vagina, urinary bladder

94. Reproductive System Disorders Disorders Hydrocele-seen in men older than 40 fluid builds up around the testes Hydrocele-seen in men older than 40 fluid builds up around the testes Cervicitis-inflammation of the uterine cervix, there is also a constant lubricant keeping the vagina wet causing the growth of bacteria. Cervicitis-inflammation of the uterine cervix, there is also a constant lubricant keeping the vagina wet causing the growth of bacteria.

95. Reproductive System Hydrocele Symptoms: swollen testicle Prevalence: 10% male infants, can also occur in boys from 2-5 years Treatment: To remove fluid with a needle Cervicitis Symptoms: vaginal discharge, bleeding, itching Prevalence: 40% of women have a sexual disease Treatment: Special drugs and no intercourse

96. Nervous System

97. Function Function The nervousness' main function is to transmit signal through the body so that the body knows how to kick a ball or catch a ball. The nervousness' main function is to transmit signal through the body so that the body knows how to kick a ball or catch a ball.

98. Nervous System Two Nervous Systems Two Nervous Systems Central nervous system- Central nervous system- Made up of the brain and spinal cord Made up of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system- Peripheral nervous system- Made up of sensory neurons, motor neurons. Made up of sensory neurons, motor neurons.

99. Nervous System Impulse Travels Impulse Travels Dendrites carry the impulses toward the neuron cells body. Dendrites carry the impulses toward the neuron cells body. Axon carries the impulses away from the body. Axon carries the impulses away from the body. This requires ATP which it gets from 3 sodium and 2 potassium. This requires ATP which it gets from 3 sodium and 2 potassium. Action potential happens when a neuron sends information. Action potential happens when a neuron sends information.

100. Nervous System Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters main function is to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell. Neurotransmitters main function is to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell. Tells the next neuron to pass this information on; until it reaches the brain. Tells the next neuron to pass this information on; until it reaches the brain.

101. Senses

102. Senses Five Senses Five Senses Sight-gives you the ability to see Sight-gives you the ability to see Touch-gives you the ability to feel your surroundings Touch-gives you the ability to feel your surroundings Taste-gives you the ability to taste sour, sweet, bitter, and salty foods Taste-gives you the ability to taste sour, sweet, bitter, and salty foods Smell-gives you the ability to smell odors of many sort Smell-gives you the ability to smell odors of many sort Hear-gives you the ability to hear you surroundings Hear-gives you the ability to hear you surroundings

103. Senses Five Senses Five Senses Sight-function and located in your head Sight-function and located in your head Touch-function and located everywhere on your body Touch-function and located everywhere on your body Taste-function and located in your mouth Taste-function and located in your mouth Smell-function and located in your nose Smell-function and located in your nose Hear-function and located in your ear Hear-function and located in your ear

104. Senses Rhodopsin Rhodopsin G protein coupled receptor G protein coupled receptor Activates a G protein call transducin(visual cascade) Activates a G protein call transducin(visual cascade) Electric signals then transmit to the brain Electric signals then transmit to the brain Then you can see Then you can see

105. Muscular System

106. Function Function Locomotion Locomotion Mobility Mobility Heat production Heat production Shock absorption Shock absorption Shaping the body Shaping the body Maintaining posture. Maintaining posture.

107. Muscular System Disorders Disorders Muscular Dystrophy-causes damage to muscular fibers Muscular Dystrophy-causes damage to muscular fibers Cerebral Palsy-this disease is caused during child birth and can lead to the loss of muscular control Cerebral Palsy-this disease is caused during child birth and can lead to the loss of muscular control

108. Muscular System Contractions Contractions Muscle membrane should be depolarized. Muscle membrane should be depolarized. This requires acetylcholine. This requires acetylcholine. Ca++ channel open, causing them to diffuse into the sarcoplasm. Ca++ channel open, causing them to diffuse into the sarcoplasm. T subunits dissociate the tropomyosin. T subunits dissociate the tropomyosin. Myosin will react with the actin to bind sites. Pulling the actin filament and sliding the actin over the myosin. Myosin will react with the actin to bind sites. Pulling the actin filament and sliding the actin over the myosin. Splitting of ATP molecules into ADP+P Splitting of ATP molecules into ADP+P

109. Muscular System Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms: weakness, loss of mobility, lack of coordination Prevalence: 500-600 new born babies are diagnosed in the U.S Treatment: No cures but there are drugs and therapy that can slow the disease Cerebral Palsy Symptoms: delayed milestones, abnormal muscle tone Prevalence: 2 per 1000 births Treatment: Physical Therapy

110. Skeletal System

111. Function Function Support Support Protection Protection Blood Cell production Blood Cell production Movement Movement Mineral Storage Mineral Storage

112. Skeletal System Bones Bones Support the body Support the body Protect vital organs Protect vital organs Allow movement Allow movement Storage for blood cell formation Storage for blood cell formation

113. Skeletal System Ligaments Ligaments Support tendons where bones interact like your knee for example Support tendons where bones interact like your knee for example Surrounded by a tone of tissues to support it Surrounded by a tone of tissues to support it Prevents rubbing of two bones Prevents rubbing of two bones

114. Skeletal System Tendons in Human Movement Tendons in Human Movement Tendons attach the skeletal and muscular systems together Tendons attach the skeletal and muscular systems together Only move bones in a pulling motion Only move bones in a pulling motion

115. Skeletal System Different Skeletal Systems Different Skeletal Systems Hydrostatic Skeletal Hydrostatic Skeletal Exoskeleton Exoskeleton Endoskeletons Endoskeletons

116. Skeletal System Hydrostatic Skeletal Hydrostatic Skeletal Cold-blooded organism (soft body animals) Cold-blooded organism (soft body animals) Fluid filled cavity Fluid filled cavity Earthworms are a great example of this because it is the hydrostatic skeleton that lets them burrow deep into the earth. Earthworms are a great example of this because it is the hydrostatic skeleton that lets them burrow deep into the earth.

117. Skeletal System Exoskeleton Exoskeleton The exoskeleton like the name suggests is a skeleton that is on the outside of the body. The exoskeleton like the name suggests is a skeleton that is on the outside of the body. The exoskeleton protects the internal organs from attacks. The exoskeleton protects the internal organs from attacks. Helps facilitate movements of limbs and appendages. Helps facilitate movements of limbs and appendages. Example of a creature with an exoskeleton is an arthropod. Example of a creature with an exoskeleton is an arthropod.

118. Skeletal System Endoskeletons Endoskeletons Protects the nerve cord Protects the nerve cord Unlike the exoskeleton it does not need to be replaced as the creature grows. Unlike the exoskeleton it does not need to be replaced as the creature grows. Helps support the body(framework) Helps support the body(framework) Humans have an endoskeleton. Humans have an endoskeleton.

119. Skeletal System Disorders Disorders Osteoporosis-happens when bones lose tissue Osteoporosis-happens when bones lose tissue Leukemia-happens when a number of white blood cells accumulate in uncontrolled manner. Leukemia-happens when a number of white blood cells accumulate in uncontrolled manner.

120. Skeletal System Osteoporosis Symptoms: loss of height, neck pain, fractures, bone pain Prevalence: 1 out of 5 women over 50 will have it Treatment: drugs that help increase bone mass, minimize physical risk level Leukemia Symptoms: fever, headache, join pain, lose in weight Prevalence:1,012,533 people in the United State Treatment: Different types of therapy and treatments using heavy drugs to kill cancer cells

121. Bibliography for Digestion http://www.cchs.net/health/health-info/docs/1600/1699.asp?index=7041 http://www.cchs.net/health/health-info/docs/1600/1699.asp?index=7041 http://www.cchs.net/health/health-info/docs/1600/1699.asp?index=7041 http://digestive-system.emedtv.com/digestive-system/function-of-the-digestive-system.html http://digestive-system.emedtv.com/digestive-system/function-of-the-digestive-system.html http://digestive-system.emedtv.com/digestive-system/function-of-the-digestive-system.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_pharynx http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_pharynx http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_pharynx http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_salivary_glands http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_salivary_glands http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_salivary_glands http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_digestion_of_large_food_molecules_esssential http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_digestion_of_large_food_molecules_esssential http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_digestion_of_large_food_molecules_esssential http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_enzyme_important_in_digestion http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_enzyme_important_in_digestion http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_enzyme_important_in_digestion http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Contrast_mechanical_digestion_with_chemical_digestion_and_give_an_example_of_each http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Contrast_mechanical_digestion_with_chemical_digestion_and_give_an_example_of_each http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Contrast_mechanical_digestion_with_chemical_digestion_and_give_an_example_of_each http://www.annecollins.com/digestion-of-carbohydrate.htm http://www.annecollins.com/digestion-of-carbohydrate.htm http://www.annecollins.com/digestion-of-carbohydrate.htm http://www.annecollins.com/digestive-system/digestion-of-protein.htm http://www.annecollins.com/digestive-system/digestion-of-protein.htm http://www.annecollins.com/digestive-system/digestion-of-protein.htm http://www.annecollins.com/digestive-system/digestion-of-fats.htm http://www.annecollins.com/digestive-system/digestion-of-fats.htm http://www.annecollins.com/digestive-system/digestion-of-fats.htm http://www.healthinplainenglish.com/health/digestive/index.htm http://www.healthinplainenglish.com/health/digestive/index.htm http://www.healthinplainenglish.com/health/digestive/index.htm

122. Bibliography for Circulatory http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_circulatory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_circulatory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_circulatory_system http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Blood/Blood_Vessels.php http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Blood/Blood_Vessels.php http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Blood/Blood_Vessels.php http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-76386163/stock-photo-pathway-of-blood-flow-through-the-heart.html http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-76386163/stock-photo-pathway-of-blood-flow-through-the-heart.html http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-76386163/stock-photo-pathway-of-blood-flow-through-the-heart.html http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/anatomy/blood-function-and-composition/30#C9 http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/anatomy/blood-function-and-composition/30#C9 http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/anatomy/blood-function-and-composition/30#C9 http://www.healthhype.com/red-blood-cells-functions-size-structure-life-cycle-pictures.html http://www.healthhype.com/red-blood-cells-functions-size-structure-life-cycle-pictures.html http://www.healthhype.com/red-blood-cells-functions-size-structure-life-cycle-pictures.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/circulatory-system-diseases-and-disorders.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/circulatory-system-diseases-and-disorders.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/circulatory-system-diseases-and-disorders.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/circulatory-system-of-a-fish.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/circulatory-system-of-a-fish.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/circulatory-system-of-a-fish.html http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/circulatory%20system/ circulat.htm http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/circulatory%20system/ circulat.htm http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/circulatory%20system/ circulat.htm http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/circulatory%20system/ circulat.htm

123. Bibliography for Respiratory http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_functions_of_the_Respiratory_System http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_functions_of_the_Respiratory_System http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_functions_of_the_Respiratory_System http://www.curoservice.com/parents_visitors/lungs_circulation/structure_alveoli.asp http://www.curoservice.com/parents_visitors/lungs_circulation/structure_alveoli.asp http://www.curoservice.com/parents_visitors/lungs_circulation/structure_alveoli.asp http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Trace_the_path_of_air_through_the_respiratory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Trace_the_path_of_air_through_the_respiratory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Trace_the_path_of_air_through_the_respiratory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_path_of_oxygen_through_the_respiratory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_path_of_oxygen_through_the_respiratory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_path_of_oxygen_through_the_respiratory_system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhalation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhalation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhalation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalation http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Respiratory/Respiratory_Conditions.php http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Respiratory/Respiratory_Conditions.php http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Respiratory/Respiratory_Conditions.php http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/d/dwarfism/prevalence.htm http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/d/dwarfism/prevalence.htm http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/d/dwarfism/prevalence.htm

124. Bibliography for Immune http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity/immune-overview.html http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity/immune-overview.html http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity/immune-overview.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/13893079/Comparison-of-Innate-and-Adaptive-Immunity http://www.scribd.com/doc/13893079/Comparison-of-Innate-and-Adaptive-Immunity http://www.scribd.com/doc/13893079/Comparison-of-Innate-and-Adaptive-Immunity http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071008081843AAauZxI http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071008081843AAauZxI http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071008081843AAauZxI http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Comparison_of_humoral_and_cell_mediated_immune_res ponse http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Comparison_of_humoral_and_cell_mediated_immune_res ponse http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Comparison_of_humoral_and_cell_mediated_immune_res ponse http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Comparison_of_humoral_and_cell_mediated_immune_res ponse http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_B_cells_and_T_cells_which_are_both_l ymphocytes http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_B_cells_and_T_cells_which_are_both_l ymphocytes http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_B_cells_and_T_cells_which_are_both_l ymphocytes http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Difference_between_B_cells_and_T_cells_which_are_both_l ymphocytes http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_antibiotics_are_effective_against_bacteria_but_no t_viruses http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_antibiotics_are_effective_against_bacteria_but_no t_viruses http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_antibiotics_are_effective_against_bacteria_but_no t_viruses http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_antibiotics_are_effective_against_bacteria_but_no t_viruses http://www.aaaai.org/about-the-aaaai/newsroom/asthma-statistics.aspx http://www.aaaai.org/about-the-aaaai/newsroom/asthma-statistics.aspx http://www.aaaai.org/about-the-aaaai/newsroom/asthma-statistics.aspx http://www.emedicinehealth.com/hivaids/article_em.htm http://www.emedicinehealth.com/hivaids/article_em.htm http://www.emedicinehealth.com/hivaids/article_em.htm

125. Bibliography for the Excretory http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Whats_the_main_function_of_the_excretory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Whats_the_main_function_of_the_excretory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Whats_the_main_function_of_the_excretory_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/In_the_excretory_system_what's_the_filtration_process http://wiki.answers.com/Q/In_the_excretory_system_what's_the_filtration_process http://wiki.answers.com/Q/In_the_excretory_system_what's_the_filtration_process http://science.jrank.org/pages/2626/Excretory-System-Excretion-in-humans.html http://science.jrank.org/pages/2626/Excretory-System-Excretion-in-humans.html http://science.jrank.org/pages/2626/Excretory-System-Excretion-in-humans.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_immune_system_organs http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_immune_system_organs http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_immune_system_organs http://www.livestrong.com/article/191406-disorders-in-the-excretory-system/ http://www.livestrong.com/article/191406-disorders-in-the-excretory-system/ http://www.livestrong.com/article/191406-disorders-in-the-excretory-system/ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cystitis/DS00285/DSECTION=symptoms http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cystitis/DS00285/DSECTION=symptoms http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cystitis/DS00285/DSECTION=symptoms http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/c/cystitis/prevalence.htm http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/c/cystitis/prevalence.htm http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/c/cystitis/prevalence.htm http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/cystitis-acute-bacterial/overview.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/cystitis-acute-bacterial/overview.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/cystitis-acute-bacterial/overview.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/urethritis/overview.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/urethritis/overview.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/urethritis/overview.html http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2003/04000/Trichomonas_vaginalis_As_a_Cause_of_Urethritis_in.2.aspx http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2003/04000/Trichomonas_vaginalis_As_a_Cause_of_Urethritis_in.2.aspx http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2003/04000/Trichomonas_vaginalis_As_a_Cause_of_Urethritis_in.2.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion

126. Bibliography for Endocrine http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_endocrine_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_endocrine_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_endocrine_system http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080129223821AAgF81g http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080129223821AAgF81g http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080129223821AAgF81g http://www.nativeremedies.com/articles/endocrine-system-and-homeostasis.html http://www.nativeremedies.com/articles/endocrine-system-and-homeostasis.html http://www.nativeremedies.com/articles/endocrine-system-and-homeostasis.html http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2/ http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2/ http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100323093842AA5SX0u http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100323093842AA5SX0u http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100323093842AA5SX0u http://www.buzzle.com/articles/symptoms-of-dwarfism.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/symptoms-of-dwarfism.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/symptoms-of-dwarfism.html http://overseaseducation24.com/web/index.php/others/study-tips/mbbs--medical/643-structures- derived-from-3-germ-layers--embryology http://overseaseducation24.com/web/index.php/others/study-tips/mbbs--medical/643-structures- derived-from-3-germ-layers--embryology http://overseaseducation24.com/web/index.php/others/study-tips/mbbs--medical/643-structures- derived-from-3-germ-layers--embryology http://overseaseducation24.com/web/index.php/others/study-tips/mbbs--medical/643-structures- derived-from-3-germ-layers--embryology

127. Bibliography for Reproductive http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Compare_and_contrast_sexual_reproduction_and_asexual_reproduction http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Compare_and_contrast_sexual_reproduction_and_asexual_reproduction http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Compare_and_contrast_sexual_reproduction_and_asexual_reproduction http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070413223603AASxFEl http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070413223603AASxFEl http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070413223603AASxFEl http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_oogenesis http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_oogenesis http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_oogenesis http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_this_unequal_cytoplasmic_division_seen_durin g_oogenesis_in_the_female http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_this_unequal_cytoplasmic_division_seen_durin g_oogenesis_in_the_female http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_this_unequal_cytoplasmic_division_seen_durin g_oogenesis_in_the_female http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_this_unequal_cytoplasmic_division_seen_durin g_oogenesis_in_the_female http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070828195917AAE6j0y http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070828195917AAE6j0y http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070828195917AAE6j0y http://www.buzzle.com/articles/reproductive-system-diseases.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/reproductive-system-diseases.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/reproductive-system-diseases.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/hydrocele/overview.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/hydrocele/overview.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/hydrocele/overview.html http://www.healthcommunities.com/hydrocele/hydrocele-overview.shtml http://www.healthcommunities.com/hydrocele/hydrocele-overview.shtml http://www.healthcommunities.com/hydrocele/hydrocele-overview.shtml http://www.soyouwanna.com/normal-menstrual-cycle-humans-6250.html http://www.soyouwanna.com/normal-menstrual-cycle-humans-6250.html http://www.soyouwanna.com/normal-menstrual-cycle-humans-6250.html

128. Bibliography for Reproductive http://www.emedicinehealth.com/cervicitis/page3_em.htm http://www.emedicinehealth.com/cervicitis/page3_em.htm http://www.emedicinehealth.com/cervicitis/page3_em.htm http://www.mendeley.com/research/prevalence-manifestations-endometritis-women-cervicitis-5/ http://www.mendeley.com/research/prevalence-manifestations-endometritis-women-cervicitis-5/ http://www.mendeley.com/research/prevalence-manifestations-endometritis-women-cervicitis-5/ http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-treatment http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-treatment http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-treatment http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_germ_layer http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_germ_layer http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_germ_layer

129. Bibliography for Nervous http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_nervous_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_nervous_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_the_nervous_system http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CNS.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CNS.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CNS.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_a_impulse_travel_in_the_nervous_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_a_impulse_travel_in_the_nervous_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_a_impulse_travel_in_the_nervous_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_role_of_neurotransmitters http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_role_of_neurotransmitters http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_role_of_neurotransmitters

130. Bibliography for Senses http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_rhodo psin http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_rhodo psin http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_rhodo psin http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_rhodo psin

131. Bibliography for Muscular/Skeletal http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_main_function_of_the_muscular_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_main_function_of_the_muscular_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_main_function_of_the_muscular_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_functions_of_the_skeletal_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_functions_of_the_skeletal_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_functions_of_the_skeletal_system http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_bones http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_bones http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_bones http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_a_ligament http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_a_ligament http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_function_of_a_ligament http://www.ehow.com/facts_5804986_do-tendons-do-skeletal-system_.html http://www.ehow.com/facts_5804986_do-tendons-do-skeletal-system_.html http://www.ehow.com/facts_5804986_do-tendons-do-skeletal-system_.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_hydrostatic_skeleton http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_hydrostatic_skeleton http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_hydrostatic_skeleton http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Functions_of_a_endoskeleton http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Functions_of_a_endoskeleton http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Functions_of_a_endoskeleton http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/DISEASE.HTML http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/DISEASE.HTML http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/DISEASE.HTML http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/osteoporosis/overview.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/osteoporosis/overview.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/osteoporosis/overview.html http://www.lls.org/diseaseinformation/getinformationsupport/factsstatistics/ http://www.lls.org/diseaseinformation/getinformationsupport/factsstatistics/ http://www.lls.org/diseaseinformation/getinformationsupport/factsstatistics/

132. Bibliography for Muscular /Skeletal http://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/leukemia-topic-overview http://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/leukemia-topic-overview http://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/leukemia-topic-overview http://www.buzzle.com/articles/muscular-system-diseases.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/muscular-system-diseases.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/muscular-system-diseases.html http://www.webmd.com/parenting/understanding-muscular-dystrophy-treatment http://www.webmd.com/parenting/understanding-muscular-dystrophy-treatment http://www.webmd.com/parenting/understanding-muscular-dystrophy-treatment http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/m/musdys/stats.htm http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/m/musdys/stats.htm http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/m/musdys/stats.htm http://www.emedicinehealth.com/cerebral_palsy/page2_em.htm http://www.emedicinehealth.com/cerebral_palsy/page2_em.htm http://www.emedicinehealth.com/cerebral_palsy/page2_em.htm http://www.news-medical.net/health/Cerebral-Palsy-Prevalence.aspx http://www.news-medical.net/health/Cerebral-Palsy-Prevalence.aspx http://www.news-medical.net/health/Cerebral-Palsy-Prevalence.aspx http://www.cerebralpalsysource.com/Treatment_and_Therapy/cp_treatment/index.html http://www.cerebralpalsysource.com/Treatment_and_Therapy/cp_treatment/index.html http://www.cerebralpalsysource.com/Treatment_and_Therapy/cp_treatment/index.html http://staff.jccc.edu/aalarabi/handouts/skeletal_muscle.pdf http://staff.jccc.edu/aalarabi/handouts/skeletal_muscle.pdf http://staff.jccc.edu/aalarabi/handouts/skeletal_muscle.pdf