1. Body Systems Chapters 14-17 plus Nervous & Endocrine notes 1

2. Defining a system What is a body system? A combination of organs working together to maintain life and homeostasis. ▫Homeostasis – the internal balance and stability of an organism ▫Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems 2

3. Defining a system What are the 11 body systems?Skeletal Muscular Integumentary Digestive Excretory Respiratory Cardiovascular (Circulatory) Immune (Lymphatic) Endocrine Nervous Reproductive 3

4. Skeletal System (pages 443-449) What is the skeletal system? (page 443) What are the 4 function of the skeletal system? (pages 443- 444) The system that contains bones as well as other structures that connect and protect the bones and that support other functions in the body. Support Movement Protection Production & storage (produces blood, stores & releases calcium) 4

5. Skeletal System (pages 443-449) Draw a cross section of a typical bone and draw in the following parts (pgs 445-446): ▫Compact bone tissue ▫Spongy bone tissue ▫Bone marrow ▫Cartilage ▫Periosteum 5

6. Skeletal System (pages 443-449) What are the 3 types of movable bone joints and how do each one of them move? (pg 447) What is a broken bone called? (pg 448) What is arthritis? (pg 448) What is osteoporosis? (pg 448) Ball & socket – move and rotate in nearly all directions Hinge – back and forth Pivot – rotate Fracture Disease in which joints become irritated or inflamed, such as when cartilage in joints is damaged or wears away. Another bone disease which causes bones to weaken and become brittle. 6

7. Skeletal System (pages 443-449) How can you keep your bones healthy? (pg 449) How does the skeletal system help to maintain homeostasis? (pg 449) Exercise & diet (calcium & vitamin D) Bones supply calcium to your nerves, muscles, and heart. Bones also help you to respond to unpleasant stimuli by working with your muscles. 7

8. Muscular System (pgs453-457) What is a muscle? (pg 453) What are the 4 functions of the muscular system? (pg 453- 454) Describe the 3 types of muscle tissue: (pg 455-456) A strong tissue that can contract in an orderly way Movement Stability Protection Temperature regulation Skeletal – attaches to bone, voluntary Cardiac – found only in the heart, involuntary Smooth – smooth appearance, involuntary 8

9. Muscular System (pgs453-457) How can you keep your muscles healthy? (pg 457) How can muscles help to maintain homeostasis? (pg 457) Healthy diet Exercise They convert chemical energy into thermal energy to keep your body warm. When you need it, cardiac muscle will contract more often to pump blood and oxygen to your cells faster 9

10. Integumentary System (pages 461-466) What is the integumentary system? (pg 461) What are the 5 functions of the integumentary system? (pg 461-462) System that includes all the external coverings of the body, including the skin, hair, and nails. Protection Sensory response Temperature regulation Production of vitamin D Elimination 10

11. Integumentary System (pages 461-466) Draw and label the layers of the skin. Describe the following layers: (pg 463) ▫Epidermis ▫Dermis ▫Fatty Layer How can you keep your skin healthy? (pg 466) How does your skin help to maintain homeostasis? (pg 466) Protect it from sunlight Healthy diet Lotion & gentle soaps Vitamin D Protection from outside substances Regulate your body temperature React to stimuli 11

12. Digestive System (479-493) Name and describe the 2 types of digestion. (pgs 488-489) List the organs that food will pass through in your digestive system and describe what happens at each organ. (490- 493) OrganFunction MouthMech. – chewing (mastication); Chem. – saliva (amylase) EsophagusTakes food to the stomach using PERISTALSIS StomachTemporary storage of food and chemical digestion Small Intestine Absorbs nutrition, finishes the chemical digestion Large Intestine Absorbs water, anything left over becomes dookie. 12 Mechanical – food is physically broken down into smaller pieces Chemical – chemical reactions break food down into smaller molecules

13. Digestive System (479-493) How is bacteria used in digestion? (pg 493) How does the digestive system help to maintain homeostasis? (pg 493) Help digests food and produces vitamins and amino acids. Provides energy and nutrient for the body 13

14. Digestive System (479-493) Why do you eat? (pg 479) What are the 6 main types of daily nutrients your body needs? (pgs 480-482) Provides energy and nutrient for the body Proteins Carbohydrates Vitamins Minerals Fats Water 14

15. Excretory System (pages 497-502) What is the excretory system? (pg 497) What substances are excreted or eliminated from your body? (pg 498) Collects and eliminates waste from the body and regulates the level of fluid in the body Undigested waste (Dig. Sys) Sweat – fluid & salts (Integumentary Sys) Urine (Urinary Sys) Carbon Dioxide (Respiratory Sys) 15

16. Excretory System (pages 497-502) What are the organs of the urinary system and what does each organ do? (pgs 499-501) How does the excretory system help to maintain homeostasis? (pg 502) Removes wastes from your body OrganFunction KidneyFilters blood UreterTake fluids to the bladder BladderStores urine UrethraEmpties the bladder 16

17. Respiratory System (pages 515-519) What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system? (pg 515) List and describe the pathway of air once it passes through the nose/mouth. 1.Taking in oxygen 2.Breathing out carbon dioxide Organ/part Function PharynxTube-like passage at the top of the throat that receives air, food, and liquids. Has the epiglottis that keeps food and liquids from entering the resp. system LarynxVoice box (triangle area) TracheaTube held open by C-shaped cartilage BronchiNarrow tubes branching from the trachea LungsMain organ of the resp. system AlveoliMicroscopic pouches where gas exchange occurs 17

18. Circulatory System (pages 523-529) Describe the 2 functions of the circulatory system. (pg 523) Describe or draw the pathway of blood through the heart. (pg 525) 1.Transportation of food, water, oxygen, and other materials throughout the body. 2.Carry wastes away from cells. From body To lungs From lungs To body 18

19. Circulatory System (pages 523-529) What is the function of arteries? (pg 526) What is the function of veins (pg 526) What is the function of capillaries? (pg 526) Carry blood away from the heart Carry blood towards the heart Exchange of materials -- deliver oxygen & food to the cells and pick up wastes from the cells. 19

20. Circulatory System (pages 523-529) Describe the following circulatory diseases: (pgs 528-529) ▫Hypertension ▫Artherosclerosis ▫Heart Attack ▫Stroke ▫Heart Failure How does the circulatory help to maintain homeostasis? (pg 529) Hypertension – high blood pressure (higher than 140/90 mm Hg). Normal is 120/80 mm Hg) Artherosclerosis – buildup of fatty material within the walls of the arteries Heart attack – part of the heart muscle dies, usually due to a lack of oxygen to the cardiac muscle Stroke – blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain Heart failure – heart doesn’t work efficiently due to previous heart attacks, damage, or bad valves Transport food & oxygen, rids body of CO 2, helps in immune response, controls body temperature. 20

21. Circulatory System (pages 523-537) What are the 3 functions of blood tissue? (pg 533) What are the 4 parts of blood? (pg 534-535) Transportation Protection Temperature regulation Plasma (liquid part) Platelets Red Blood cells White Blood cells 21

22. Circulatory System (pages 523-537) How does someone get their blood type? (pg 536) What are the 4 ABO blood types? (pg 536) What is an Rh factor? (pg 537) Blood types are inherited from your parents – A, B, or O – one from each parent. Blood types are: ▫A = AA or AO ▫B = BB or BO ▫AB ▫O = OO Rh – a chemical marker protein found on your RBC’s. A person can be + or – for Rh factor 22

23. Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541- 573) What is the lymphatic system? (pg 541) What are the 4 functions of the lymphatic system? (pg 541) Part of the immune system, helps destroy microorganisms that enter the body 1.Absorbs extra tissue fluid that collects around cells 2.Absorbs fat from digestive system and transports it to the circulatory system 3.Filters dead cells, bacteria, viruses, and unneeded particles from tissue fluid (then returns the fluid to the circulatory system) 4.Fights off illnesses & infections & develops white blood cells 23

24. Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541-573) Describe the parts of the lymphatic system. (pgs 542- 544) Organ/ tissue Function LymphLeft-over 10% of fluid found around tissue Lymph Vessels Network of tubes that absorb & transport lymph; pumped by skeletal muscle) Lymph nodes Cluster of spongy structures that filter particles from lymph; store white blood cells Bone marrow Produce white blood cells & lymphocytes (B-cells & T-cells); B-cells mature here ThymusDevelop T-cells (T-cells identify & destroy infected cells) SpleenRecycles red blood cells, stores lymphocytes TonsilsClusters of lymph tissue, trap & destroy bacteria & pathogens that enter your nose & mouth 24

25. Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541- 573) What is the main function of the immune system? (pg 567) Describe the first line of defense provided by the 5 different body systems (pgs 568-570) Protect the body from foreign and harmful substances that enter the body (pathogens) SystemDefense description IntegumentaryOuter barrier RespiratoryHairs, cilia, & mucous trap pathogens CirculatoryMoves pathogens to organs that fight infections, can increase body temperature (fever) to fight infections NervousBrain triggers fever (with circ. system) DigestiveStomach acid can destroy some pathogens; mucous can trap pathogens; vomit to remove pathogens 25

26. Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541- 573) What are the two responses in the second line of defense? (pgs 570-571) What is the third line of defense in the immune system? (pg 572) 1.White blood cells – attack and destroy pathogens in fluid outside circulatory system 2.Inflammation – increases blood flow to the area and prevents the infection from spreading Antigen (substance that causes and immune response) is identified B cells produce antibodies ▫Antibodies mark the target cell for elimination or neutralize its abilities to invade or spread T cells help to destroy the target cells ▫Killer T-cells ▫Helper T-cells 26

27. Immune/Lymphatic System (pages 541- 573) What is the difference between an active immunity and a passive immunity? (pg 573) What is a vaccination? (pg 573) Active – your body produces its own antibodies Passive – antibodies come from outside your body A weakened or dead pathogen purposefully introduced into the body to create an immune response. 27

28. Nervous System What is the nervous system? What are the functions of the nervous system? Fast-acting control system that triggers muscle contraction or gland secretion. 1.Senses changes occurring inside and outside the body 2.Processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment 3.Causes a response by activating muscles or glands 28

29. Nervous System How is the nervous system organized? The nervous system can be divided into two basic parts: ▫Central nervous system  Brain  Spinal cord ▫Peripheral nervous system  Sensory neurons – input, nerves travelling towards the central nervous system  Motor neurons – output, nerves travelling away from the central nervous system 29

30. Nervous system What is a neuron? Neurons = nerve cells Divided into 3 parts: ▫Dendrite – receives stimuli  Stimuli is something that is sensed or causes a reaction ▫Soma – cell body, location of the nucleus and most of the organelles ▫Axon – transmits the signal to the next neuron 30

31. Nervous System How do neurons transmit information? Neurons create electrical impulses after receiving chemical stimuli Impulses begin at a synapse. ▫Synapse – where an axon meets a dendrite ▫Space in between is called a synaptic cleft or gap ▫Molecules called neurotransmitters are released from the axon, cross the synaptic cleft, and are received by the dendrite. 31

32. Nervous system What are the 5 special senses? Touch – Pressure, pain, temperature Taste (tongue)– Sweet, sour, bitter, & salty ▫Chemoreceptor –taste buds Smell (nose) ▫Chemoreceptor – Olfactory receptors ▫Special sense most closely wired to emotions ▫Humans = 10,000 different chemical smells Sight (eyes) ▫Photoreceptor: rods (light) & cones (color) Hearing (cochlea in ear) – senses vibrations in the air ▫Inner ear – malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), & stapes (stirrup) ***Balance (vestibular apparatus in ear) ▫Senses movement of fluid in inner ear 32

33. Endocrine System What is the endocrine system? How is the endocrine system different from the nervous system? An organ system of glands in the body that secrete hormones that help to regulate the body. ▫Hormone – a chemical messenger released into the bloodstream to create a response in the body;  Daily maintenance  Long-term changes The nervous system is a fast-acting communicator (email) using electrical charges while the endocrine system acts slower (postal service) sending chemical packages. 33

34. Endocrine System What are some of the important glands? Hypothalamus ▫Connects the endocrine & nervous systems ▫Sends “releasing” or “stopping” hormones to the pituitary gland. Pituitary gland ▫Controls many body activities ▫Regulates development from infancy to adulthood Adrenal glands ▫“Stress” hormones – epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol Pancreas ▫Regulates sugar w/ insulin & glucagon Thyroid ▫Metabolism regulation ▫Calcium & vitamin-D regulation 34

35. Endocrine System How do the glands know when to stop releasing hormones? Glands typically stop due to a negative feedback system ▫When the hormone levels get too high, the hormone release is slowed down or stopped. 35