1. Migration Notes

2. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
British sociologist (1834 – 1913)
Laws of Migrations:
Most migrants go only a short distance
Distance Decay
Most migrations proceed step-by-step (Lee’s Model)
If they do move a long distance, they are more likely to travel to a big city (Gravity Model)
Every migration flow produces a counterflow
Rural migrants move to city; city dwellers move to suburbs
Most migration is from rural to urban
Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults
Most international migrants are young males
Changed with time; women comprise 40-60% of International migrants (55% of U.S. migrants)

3. Why? Most people migrate for ECONOMIC reasons Push and Pull factors
New jobs
Better wages
Escape poverty
Find higher standard of living
Push and Pull factors
Push us from one location
Pull us to another

4. Types of Migration Choose to migrate Remember
Voluntary Migration
Forced Migration
Choose to migrate
Remember
Must be permanent
If they return (guest workers, time-contract workers) they are not included in these numbers
a.k.a. Involuntary migration
Examples:
Triangle Trade
Atlantic Arm
Native American relocation in Great Plains region of U.S.

5. Internal Migrations Two kinds
Intraregional
Interregional
Intraregional: people moving within one geographic region within a country
Urbanization: move from rural to urban
Suburbanization: move from urban to suburban
Counterurbanization: move from urban to rural
Interregional: people moving from one region to another within a country
Can be international if culture is maintained

6. Interregional Examples

7. Global Migration Trends

8. Global Migration Trends
Wilbur Zelinsky- Migration Transition
From less-developed Stage 2 countries
To more-developed Stage 4 countries
3 largest migration flows
Asia to Europe
Asia to North America
Latin America to North America
Net In Migration: Europe, North America & Oceania
Net Out Migration: Asia, Latin America & Africa

9. U.S. Immigration Trends 3 Phases American colonies
European settlement, mainly British
African slaves
Nineteenth-Twentieth Century
: Western Europe
1880s: Northern Europe
Beginning of Twentieth Century: Southern & Eastern Europe
2nd Half of Twentieth Century
Latin America & Asia
Periods of Decline
U.S. Civil War, 1893 Depression, WWI, Great Depression, WWII

12. Refugees UN reports 24 million refugees worldwide Two types
Numbers vary a lot
Two types
International refugees
Crossed one or more international borders and are in a country other than their own
Intranational
Abandoned their homes but not their homeland

13. How do you identify a refugee?
UN Definition
A person who has well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political group
3 General Characteristics
Move with only what they can carry
Begin journey by foot, bicycle, wagon or boat
Lack official documents usually needed for international migration

14. U.S. Refugee Numbers
Refugee Arrivals by Country of Nationality: Fiscal Years 2009 to 2011
Country of nationality Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total , , ,
Burma , , ,
Bhutan , , ,
Iraq , , ,
Somalia , , ,
Cuba , , ,
Eritrea , , ,
Iran , , ,
DR Congo , ,
Ethiopia
Afghanistan
All other countries,
including unknown , , ,

15. 2005 Refugee Numbers Country Refugees Afghanistan 1,908,100 Sudan
693,300
Burundi
438,700
DR Congo
430,600
Somalia
394,800
Vietnam
358,200
Palestinians
349,700 (4,300,000)
Iraq
262,100
Azerbaijan
233,700
Liberia
231,100

16. Examples Syrian Refugees
Civil Wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, & Sudan
Ethnic war between Hutu & Tutsi tribes in Rwanda
Has spilled over into DR Congo & Burundi
Displacement due to ongoing dispute between Israelis & Palestinians
Afghanistan
Due to Taliban rule
Soviet Invasion in s
U.S. involvement during 2000s
“Boat People” who fled Communist rule in Vietnam

17. Yugoslavia
After the collapse of the former Yugoslavia, over 1 million were displaced
Formed 5 independent countries
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Croatia
Macedonia
Serbia & Montenegro (which later split)
Slovenia

18. Lee’s Model of Migration

19. Key Terms Push Factors Pull Factors Intervening Obstacle
Intervening Opportunity

20. Key Terms Defined
Push Factor: Factor that induces people to leave old residences.
Pull Factor: Factor that induces people to move to a new location.
Intervening Obstacle: An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
Intervening Opportunity: A favorable environmental, economic or cultural feature that redirects migration.

21. Lee’s Model of Migration
Destination
Source Region
Push Factors 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Pull Factors 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Intervening
Obstacle
Migration

22. Push/Pull Factors Economic Environmental Cultural
Economic & Environmental push/pull factors are generally associated with voluntary migration.
Cultural push/pull factors are generally associated with forced migration
Note: people tend to move on excessively positive images/expectations that may not always be accurate

23. Push/Pull Factors Economic Environmental Cultural Economic
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Economic
Poverty
Few job opportunities
Low wages
Environmental
Hazardous regions
Adverse physical conditions
Too little water/too much water
Cultural
Slavery
Political instablity
Religious/ethnic persecution (refugees)
Economic
Higher standard of living
More job opportunities
Higher wages
Environmental
Stable climates
Cultural
Stable political conditions

24. Intervening Obstacle/Opportunity
Examples of Obstacles
Environmental
Mountains, rivers, bodies of water, etc.
Cultural
Passport to leave/visa to come in
Economic
Run out of money
Examples of Opportunities
New jobs along migration route
Jobs created to divert rivers for irrigation (economic as well)
Move into an ethnic enclave along route

25. Practical Application of Lee’s Model
Source Region
Destination Region
Return
Pull Factors +
Push Factors -
Intervening Obstacle
Pull Factors +
Push Factors -
Migration
Few Arrive
Many leave
Intervening Opportunity
Other Destination

26. Example