1. Chapter 3 Migration

2. Key Issue #1
Why Do People Migrate?

3. Migration A type of mobility
Migration is a permanent move to a new location
Migration = relocation diffusion
Emigration-migration from a location
Immigration-migration to a location

6. Key Issue #1 Why Do People Migrate?
A 19th Century geographer-cartographer, E.G. Ravenstein, wrote about 11 “laws” that became the foundation for migration studies.
Ravenstein’s laws are organized into 3 parts:
Reasons why migrants move
Distance they typically move
Their characteristics

7. Reasons for Migrating Reasons for migration:
Most people migrate for economic reasons
Push and pull factors
Economic: people move away from places with poor economic opportunities and toward places with better ones
Cultural factors
Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees)
Political factors
Environmental factors: people move away from hazardous regions to physically attractive regions

8. Refugees: Sources and destinations
Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

10. Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migration Push and pull factors
Intervening obstacles
Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental
Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles

11. Distance of Migration
Ravenstein’s theories about distance that migrants travel from their home:
Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country
Long-distance migrants to other countries go to major centers of economic activity

12. Distance of Migration Distance of migration
International migration-permanent migration from one country to another
Two types:
Voluntary
Forced
Migration transition
International migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

13. Distance of Migration Distance of migration
Internal migration-permanent movement within the country
Two types:
Interregional migration = movement from one region to another
Usually from rural to urban areas in search of jobs
Intraregional migration = movement within a region
Typically happens in urban areas when people move from older cities to newer suburbs

14. Global Migration Patterns
Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

15. Characteristics of Migrants
Most long-distance migrants are
Male
Adults
Individuals
Families with children = less common

16. Why Do People Migrate? Characteristics of migrants Gender
Traditionally, males outnumbered females
In the United States today, 55 percent of immigrants = female
Family status
In the United States today, about 40 percent of immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39

17. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Key Issue #2
Where Are Migrants Distributed?

18. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Global migration patterns
Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania
The United States has the largest foreign-born population

19. Net Migration by Country
Figure 3-3

20. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
U.S. migration patterns
Three main eras of migration
Colonial migration from England and Africa
Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe
Recent immigration from LDCs

21. Migration to the United States
Figure 3-4

22. Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Fig. 3-5: Migration in The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

23. Migration to the United States from Latin America
Figure 3-6

24. Undocumented Immigration: Mexico to Arizona
Fig. 3-7: The complex route of one group of undocumented migrants from a small village north of Mexico City to Phoenix, Arizona.

25. U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all U.S. immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

26. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of immigration on the United States
Legacy of European migration
Europe’s demographic transition
Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out
65 million Europeans emigrate
Diffusion of European culture

27. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of immigration on the United States
Unauthorized immigration
2008 = estimated 11.9 million unauthorized/ undocumented immigrants
About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force
Around 59 percent are undocumented immigrants from Mexico

28. Where Are Migrants Distributed?
Impact of immigration on the United States
Destinations
California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one-fourth of undocumented immigrants
New York = one-sixth of all immigrants
Chain migration

29. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Key Issue #3
Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?

30. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Immigration policies of host countries
U.S. quota laws:
The Quota Act (1921)
The National Origins Act (1924)
For each country that had native-born people in the U.S., 2% of their # could immigrate each year.
These laws were designed to ensure that most immigrants to the U.S. continued to be Europeans.

31. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Immigration policies of host countries
U.S. quota laws:
Immigration Act of 1965
eliminated quotas for individual countries and created hemisphere quotas instead (by 1968).
Global quotas of 290,000 with country max of 20,000 created (by 1978).
Current global quota is 620,000 with no more than 7% from one country.
However, there are many qualifications and exceptions that can change the limit.
Quotas don’t apply to refugees or spouses, parents, or children of U.S. citizens.

32. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Brain drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
Temporary migration for work
Guest workers
Usually citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe or the Middle East.
Time-contract workers
Recruited for a specific job and time period

33. Guest Workers in Europe
Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

34. Emigration from China
Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries.

35. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Distinguishing economic migrants from refugees
Emigrants from Cuba
Emigrants from Haiti
Emigrants from Vietnam
See pgs for details

36. Migration of Vietnamese Boat People
Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.

37. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Cultural problems faced while living in host countries
U.S. attitudes towards immigrants
Attitudes toward guest workers

38. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Key Issue #4
Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?

39. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Migration between regions of a country
U.S. settlement patterns
Colonial settlement
Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s)
California
Gold Rush in the 1840s
Great Plains settlement
Recent growth of the South

40. Center of Population in the U.S.
Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the population migration west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

41. U.S. Interregional Migration

42. Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2000.

43. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Migration between regions of other countries
Russia
Komsomol
Government incentives in Brazil and Indonesia
Economic migration within European countries
Restricted migration in India

44. Migration in Europe

45. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Intraregional migration in the United States
Migration from rural to urban areas
Primary reason = economic migration
Migration from urban to suburban areas
Primary reason = suburban lifestyle
Migration from urban to rural areas
Counterurbanization

46. Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.